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BIOL1103 > JOINTS & ARTICULATION/BIOMECHANICS > Flashcards

JOINTS & ARTICULATION/BIOMECHANICS Flashcards

1
Q

Joints

A

Locations where bones, or bones and cartilage meet for movement and allow bones to slide smoothly against one another

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2
Q

Joints that provide little to no movement:

A

Some bones are joined to one another by connective tissue (cartilage) that are designed for stability and will provide little to no movement

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3
Q

How many bones in human body

A

There are 206 bones in the adult human body and all except one will connect to at least one other bone at specialized structures called JOINTS

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4
Q

Structural classification of joints (GENERAL)

A

Consider whether the bones are strongly anchored to each other by connective tissue or whether they articulate within a fluid-filled space called joint cavity

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5
Q

Functional classification of joints (GENERAL)

A

Describe the degree or range of movement ranging from immobile to slightly moveable, to freely moveable

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6
Q

3 classifications of structural (4)

A
  • Based on structural components surrounding articulating surfaces
  • Fibrous joint
  • Cartilaginous joint
  • Synovial joint:
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7
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Fibrous joint has bones united by fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage at cartilaginous joint

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9
Q

Synovial joint

A

Articulating surfaces of bones are not directly connected but come into contact within fluid-filled cavity

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10
Q

3 classifications of functional (4)

A
  • Based on amount of movement allowed between articulating bones
  • Synarthrosis
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Diarthrosis
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11
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immobile/nearly immobile that could be fibrous or cartilaginous. Provides a strong union between articulating bones, especially important at locations where the bone provides protection for internal organs

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12
Q

Examples of synarthrosis (4)

A

Sutures, fibrous joints between bones of skull, manubriosternal joint, cartilaginous joint that unites manubrium and body of sternum for protection of heart

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13
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Joint with limited mobility

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14
Q

Joints of adjacent vertebrae

A

Contains an amphiarthrosis joint made of cartilaginous joint that unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and contains a thick pad of fibrocartilage called INTERVERTEBRAL DISC that fills in between each gap

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15
Q

Joints of pubic symphysis

A

Contains an amphiarthrosis joint made of cartilaginous joint in which the pubic regions of right and left hip bones and strongly anchored to each other via fibrocartilage

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16
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely moveable joint and encompasses all synovial joints

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17
Q

Examples of diarthrosis (3)

A

All synovial joints of body providing most body movements, common in appendicular skeleton giving the limbs a wide range of motion, shoulder/hip joints providing multiaxial movement (3 types movement)

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18
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Bones joined by fibrous tissue (dense fibrous connective tissue) and does not contain any cavity between, gap filled with fibrous connective tissue may be narrow or wide

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19
Q

3 types of fibrous joints:

A
  • Suture
  • Syndesmosis
  • Gomphosis
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20
Q

Suture

A

Type of fibrous joint that connects all the bones of the skull, except for the mandible. It helps to protect brain and form face

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21
Q

Suture functional classification

A

Classified as synarthrosis as the suture is frequently convoluted, forming a tight union

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22
Q

Adult skull bone

A

Skull bones are closely joined, and the narrow gap between them is filled with connective tissue

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23
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Type of fibrous joint that has two parallel bones united by fibrous connective tissue

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24
Q

Syndesmosis functional classification

A

Classified as amphiarthroses because they provide some movement

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25
Q

Examples of syndesmosis

A

Syndesmosis joints can be found between the radius and ulna, where an interosseous membrane fills gap between bones. The shafts of tibia and fibula are also connected by interosseous membrane

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26
Q

Structural specifics of distal tibiofibular joint

A

Articulating surfaces of those bones lack cartilage; the narrow gap is anchored by fibrous connective tissue and ligaments

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27
Q

Gomphosis

A

Also known as peg-and-socket joint. Specialized fibrous joint that anchors root of tooth into bony socket within maxillary bone (upper jaw) or mandible bone (lower jaw) of skull

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28
Q

Gomphosis structure

A

Contains numerous short bands of dense connective tissue called a periodontal ligament

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29
Q

Gomphosis functional classification

A

Classified as synarthrosis due to the immobility

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30
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

No joint cavity, adjacent bones are joined together by either hyaline cartilage of fibrocartilage

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31
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joint:

A
  • Synchondrosis
  • Symphysis
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32
Q

Synchondrosis

A

When bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage and may be temporary or permanent and classified as a synarthrosis due to lack of movement between bone and cartilage

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33
Q

Temporary synchondrosis

A

Formed by epiphyseal plate of growing long bone which is eventually lost when epiphyseal plate ossifies as bone reaches maturity

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34
Q

Permanent synchondrosis

A

Does not ossify with age; it retains its hyaline cartilage

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35
Q

Symphysis

A

Fibrocartiliginous fusion between 2 bones, found in intervertebral disc and is amphiarthrosis

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36
Q

Fibrocartilage strength

A

Very strong because it contains numerous bundles of thick collagen fibers

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37
Q

Gaps separating bones at symphysis structure

A

Narrow like pubic symphysis and manubriosternal joint

38
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

Wide symphysis between bodies of adjacent vertebrae

39
Q

Synovial joint

A

Most common type of joint in body and possesses a fluid filled joint cavity. Bones are not directly connected with connective tissue, allowing for smoother movements and increased joint mobility making them DIARTHROTIC

40
Q

Fluid filled space of synovial joint

A

Where the articulating surfaces of bones contact each other

41
Q

articular capsule

A

Forms walls of joint cavity, which is a fibrous connective tissue structure attached to each bone

42
Q

Articular cartilage function and structure

A

Prevents friction between bones at synovial joint made of a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the entire articulating surface of each bone

43
Q

Synovial membrane function

A

Lines inner surface of articular capsule. The cells of this membrane secrete synovial fluid

44
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Thick, slimy fluid that provides lubrication to further reduce friction and provides nourishment to articular cartilage that doesn’t contain blood vessels

45
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freedom of joint movement (classification of each synovial joint)

46
Q

Ligaments

A

Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that strengthen and support the joint, found outside of articulating surfaces and connect bones

47
Q

Tendons

A

Dense connective tissue structure that attaches muscle to bone. Provides additional support at synovial joints

48
Q

Articular disc

A

Small, oval shaped plate of fibrocartilage present in several joints to separate synovial cavities

49
Q

Meniscus

A

Larger, C-Shape plate of fibrocartilage present in several joints to separate synovial cavities

50
Q

Bursa

A

Thin connective tissue sac filled with lubricating liquid that reduces friction, located where skin, ligaments, muscles, or muscle tendons rub against each other

51
Q

6 types of synovial joints:

A
  • Pivot joint
  • Hinge joint
  • Saddle joint
  • Plane joint
  • Condyloid joint
  • Ball and socket joint
52
Q

Pivot joint (3)

A
  • Rounded portion of one bone rotates in depression in another bone
  • ROTATION around single axis (uniaxial)
  • atlandoaxial joint/proximal radioulnar joint
53
Q

Hinge joint (3)

A
  • Surface of one articulating bone is concave and the other is convex
  • FLEXION/EXTENSION Bending and straightening around single axis (uniaxial)
  • Elbow joint/knee/ankle joint/between phalanges
54
Q

Saddle joint (3)

A
  • Ends of both bones are saddle shaped and fit together
  • FLEXION/EXTENSION, ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION, CIRCUMDUCTION Movement in sagittal and frontal planes (biaxial)
  • carpometacarpal joint/sternoclavicular joint
55
Q

Plane joint (gliding point) (3)

A
  • Articulating surfaces are flat and slightly curved.
    -GLIDING Flat bones slide over each other (uniaxial/biaxial/multiaxial),
  • intercarpal joint/intertarsal joint/acromioclavicular joint/ygapophysial joint
56
Q

Where are plane joints found specifically (4)

A
  • Intercarpal joints
  • Intertarsal joints
  • Acromioclavicular joint
  • Zygapophysial joint
57
Q

Condyloid joint (3)

A
  • Convex oval shape of one bone fits into concave oval depression in another bone
  • FLEXION/EXTENSION, ABDUCTION/ADDUTION, CIRCUMDUCTION Forward backward and side movements (biaxial)
  • knucle joint/radiocarpal joint of wrist
58
Q

Ball and socket joint (3)

A
  • Rounded ball at the end of one bone articulates with rounded depression of another
  • FLEXION/EXTENSION, ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION, CIRCUMDUCTION, ROTATION, Bone moving in depression on another bone (multiaxial)
  • hip joint/shoulder joint
59
Q

Circumduction

A

Where distal end of the bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stationary

60
Q

Specific examples of ball and socket joint movement (2)

A
  • Hip joint: Head of femur articulates with hip bone
  • Shoulder joint: Head of humerus articulates with scapula
61
Q

Biomechanics

A

The interplay between bones of skeleton, the muscles that contract to move them, and the tendons that connect the two together that allow us to examine biomechanics of body movement

62
Q

When a skeletal muscle contracts, where is the tension exerted

A

When a skeletal muscle contracts, the tension is usually exerted on tendons that attach to the moveable bones of body

63
Q

Origin of muscle

A

Part where muscle is attached to a fixed part of a bone and doesn’t move during contraction

64
Q

Insertion of muscle

A

Part of the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

65
Q

Prime mover/agonist

A

Term for the principal muscle that is used for movement in a certain body part (muscle that is contracting)

66
Q

Synergist

A

Any muscle that assists the agonist

67
Q

Fixator

A

A synergist that stabilizes the origin

68
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover. It maintains body or limb position and control rapid movement and check motion of a limb (muscle that is relaxing or lengthening)

69
Q

Example of agonist and antagonist usage in biceps branchii and triceps branchii

A

The bicep branchii is agonist and works to flex the forearm, while the tricep branchii is an antagonist and extends the forearm

70
Q

Examples of agonist and antagonist usage in hamstrings and quadriceps femoris

A

The hamstrings is agonist and works to flex the leg, while the quadriceps femoris is the antagonist and extends the leg

71
Q

Examples of agonist and antagonist usage in flexor digitorum superficialis & profundus and extensor digitorum

A

The flexor digitorum superficialis & profundus is the agonist and works to flex the fingers and hand at the wrist, while the extensor digitorum is the antagonist and works to extend fingers and hand at wrist

72
Q

Muscles without attachment to skeleton (2):

A
  • Muscles that produce facial expressions have their insertions and origins on the skin
  • Diaphragm contracts and relaxes to change volume of pleural cavities without moving skeleton
73
Q

Lever systems

A

Illustrate how muscles and bones interact to move body parts

74
Q

Principal components of lever systems (3):

A
  • Lever
  • Fulcrum effort
  • Load/resistance
75
Q

Lever

A

Bone or body part being moved

76
Q

Fulcrum

A

Fixed point to which a force is applied

77
Q

Effort

A

Applies force and the result of skeletal muscle contraction

78
Q

Load/resistance

A

Weight of the body part bring moved or any resistance encountered in moving the body part (eg. Weight of holding something in hand)

79
Q

What component mostly makes up for how a lever system operates

A

Mainly determined by the forces applied and their distances from the fulcrum

80
Q

Effort arm

A

Distance from the fulcrum to the skeletal muscle insertion point

81
Q

Load/resistance arm

A

Distance from the fulcrum to the bulk of the load/resistance

82
Q

What is needed for movement to occur

A

The effort produced MUST overcome the load/resistance

83
Q

Balanced lever system

A

No movement is occurring and the amount of effort being applied is just enough to balance out the efforts of load/resistance (effort x effort arm = load/resistance x load/resistance arm)

84
Q

Basic formula to calculate relationships between forces and distances in given lever system

A

effort x effort arm = load/resistance x load/resistance arm

85
Q

Power levers

A

Lever systems that can move heavy loads over short distances using comparatively little effort

86
Q

Speed levers

A

Lever systems that can move light loads over large distances using a comparatively large amount of energy

87
Q

What determines whether we have a power lever or a speed lever

A

It is dependant on the location of the insertion point relative to the load/resistance location

88
Q

First class lever (2)

A
  • Simplest type of lever where the two forces (effort and resistance) are applied on opposite sides of fulcrum
  • Eg. Raising head –> Posterior neck muscles produce effort, the facial skeleton is resistance, and the atlanto-occipital joint is fulcrum
89
Q

Second class lever (3):

A
  • Has resistance between the effort and fulcrum, making effort closer to resistance than fulcrum
  • Allows larger resistance to be moved by a small amount of effort (power lever), but this also means that the resistance will be moved at a relatively slow pace and can only be moved a short distance
  • Eg. Standing up on toes –> Weight of body is resistance, calf muscles produce effort, and joints in the balls of feet are fulcrums
90
Q

Third class lever (2):

A
  • Most common type with the effort applied between fulcrum and resistance, allowing resistance to be moved relatively quicker over larger distances (speed lever)
  • Eg. Lifting hand by flexing bice; branchii –> Elbow joint acts as fulcrum, the biceps branchii produces effort, and the weight of hand is the resistance being lifted

BIOL1103 (24 decks)

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