Skeletal System part 1 Flashcards
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
2 Divisions of the skeletal system
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Bones that form the long axis of the body. It include the bones in your skull, ossicles (small bones) of your middle ear, hyoid bone of your neck, vertebra (bones of your spine) and thoracic cage (ribcage).
They are 80 bones in total
Axial Skeleton
Bones of the limbs and girdles.
Bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs.
They are 126 bones in total
Appendicular Skeleton
They Support of the body,
Protection of soft organs,
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles,
Storage of minerals and fats, and
Blood cell formation
Bones
An adult human has
206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact and Spongy bone
Type of bone tissue that is Small needle-like
pieces of bone and has Many open spaces
Spongy bone
4 Classifications of bones
Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular bones
Bones that are Typically longer than wide.
They Have a shaft with heads at both ends and
Contain mostly compact bone
Long bones
Example of Long bones
Femur, and Humerus
Bones that are Generally cube-shape. They
Contain mostly spongy bone
Short Bone
Examples of Short bones
Carpals and Tarsals
Bones that are Thin and flattened. They are
Usually curved and have Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
Flat bones
Exaple of Flat bones
Skull, Ribs, sternum
Bones that are Irregular shape. They
Do not fit into other bone classification categories
Irregular Bones
Examples of Irregular bones
Vertebrae, and hips
In the anatomy f the long bone, it has a Shaft and is
Composed of compact bone
Diaphysis
In the anatomy of the long bone, it is the Ends of the bone. It is Composed mostly of spongy bone
Epiphysis
In the anatomy of the long bone, it is the Outside covering of the diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Periosteum
In the anatomy of the long bone, it Secure periosteum to underlying bone
Sharpey’s fibers
In the anatomy of the long bone, It Supply bone cells with nutrients
Arteries
In the anatomy of the long bone, it Covers the external surface of the epiphyses. It is Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Articular cartilage
In the anatomy of the long bone, Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
Medullary cavity
Surface features of bones
Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Passages for nerves and blood vessels
Bone Markings
2 Categories of bone markings
Projections and processes and
Depressions or cavities
grow out from the bone surface
Projections and processes
indentations
Depressions or cavities
A unit of bone
Osteon (Haversian System)
Opening in the center of an osteon
Central (Haversian) canal
Canal perpendicular to the central canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in concentric rings
Lacunae
Rings around the central canal
Sites of lacunae
Lamellae
Tiny canals
Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
Form a transport system
Canaliculi
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily _________.
hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone. But the Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
It allow for growth of long bone during childhood.
New cartilage is continuously formed,
Older cartilage becomes ossified.
Cartilage is broken down,
Bone replaces cartilage.
Epiphyseal plates
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
Bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Osteoclasts
a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone remodeling
A break in a bone
Bone Fractures
Types of bone fractures
Closed fracture and open fracture
broken bone that does not penetrate the skin
Closed (simple) Fracture
broken bone penetrates through the skin
Open (compound) fracture
Bone fractures are treated by
reduction and immobilization
Type of fracture that the bones break into many fragments
comminuted
Type of fracture that is crushed and is more common in porous bones
Compression
Type of fracture that the broken bone portion is pressed inward
Depressed
Type of fracture that the broken bone ends are forced into each other
Impacted
Type of fracture that ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone. It is a common sport injury.
Spiral
Type of fracture where the bone breaks incompletely. Most common in children
Greenstick
(blood-filled swelling)
Hematoma
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
Callus
remodeled to form a permanent patch
Bony Callus
Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Axial Skeleton
The 3 parts of the Axial Skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
Two sets of bones in the skull
Cranium
Facial bones
It is Composed of 8 large flat bones.
They are all single bones except for the parietal and temporal bones that are paired bones
Cranium
Forms the forehead the bony projections under the eyebrows and the superior part of each eye’s orbit
Frontal Bones
Paired and forms most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium
Parietal Bones
Lie inferior to the parietal bones
Temporal bones
Most posterior bone of the cranium
Occipital bone
Butterfly shaped bone spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
Sphenoid bone
a small depression in the middle of the sphenoid which forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland
Sella turcica
Forms the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits
Ethmoid bone
literally (cock’s comb) projecting from its superior surface
Crista galli
Fourteen bones compose the face.
Twelve are paired
Only the mandible and vomer are single
FACIAL BONES
The only 2 Facial bones that are single
mandible and vomer
fuse to form the upper jaw
The two maxillae or maxillary bones
Form the posterior part of the hard palate
Palatine bones
Commonly referred to as the cheekbones
Zygomatic bones
Fingernail sized bones forming part of the medial walls of each orbit
Lacrimal bones
Forming the bridge of the nose
Nasal bones
The single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity
Vomer bone
thin, curved bones projecting medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Inferior nasal concha
lower jaw is the largest and strongest bone of the face
Mandible
