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Anatomy Lec > Muscular system Part 1 > Flashcards

Muscular system Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

responsible for all types of body movement

A

Muscles

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2
Q

Three basic muscle types are found in the body

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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3
Q

muscle cell =

A

muscle fiber

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4
Q

Contraction of muscles is due to the

A

movement of microfilaments

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5
Q

Prefix myo refers to

A

muscle

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6
Q

Prefix mys refers to

A

muscle

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7
Q

Prefix sarco refers to

A

flesh

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8
Q

Most skeletal muscles are attached by ________ to bones

A

tendons

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9
Q

The Skeletal Muscle cells are

A

multinucleate

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10
Q

They have visible banding

A

Striated

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11
Q

Subject to conscious control

A

Voluntary

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12
Q

The skeletal Muscle Cells are surrounded and bundled by

A

connective tissue

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13
Q

A Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle around single muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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14
Q

A Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle around a fascicle (bundle) of fibers

A

Perimysium

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15
Q

A Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle that covers the entire skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

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16
Q

A Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle on the outside of the epimysium

A

Fascia

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17
Q

Sites of muscle attachment

A

Bones
Cartilages
Connective tissue coverings

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18
Q

____________ blends into a connective tissue attachment

A

Epimysium

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19
Q

A cord-like structure of connective tissue attachment

A

Tendon

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20
Q

A sheet-like structure of connective tissue attachment

A

Aponeuroses

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21
Q

no conscious control

A

Involuntary

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22
Q

-Has no striations
-Spindle-shaped cells
-Single nucleus
-Involuntary
-Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs

A

Smooth Muscles

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23
Q

-Has striations
-Usually has a single nucleus
-Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc
-Involuntary
-Found only in the heart

A

Cardiac Muscle

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24
Q

They Produce movement, Maintain posture, Stabilize joints, & Generate heat

A

Muscles

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25
Q

The muscle cells are

A

multinucleate

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26
Q

Nuclei are just beneath the __________

A

sarcolemma

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27
Q

They are specialized plasma membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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28
Q

They are specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

They are Bundles of myofilaments that are aligned to give distrinct bands

A

Myofibril

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30
Q

light band

A

I band

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31
Q

dark band

A

A band

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32
Q

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcomere

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33
Q

Organization of the sarcomere

A

myosin (thick) filaments & actin (thin) filaments

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34
Q

Thick filaments

A

myosin filaments

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35
Q

These filaments are Composed of the protein myosin and has ATPase enzymes

A

myosin filaments

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36
Q

These filaments are composed of the protein actin

A

actin filaments

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37
Q

These filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges)

A

Myosin filaments

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38
Q

It is for storage of
calcium in muscles

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
(SR)

39
Q

When muscles at rest, there is a ____ ____ that lacks actin filaments

A

bare zone

40
Q

ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

A

Irritability

41
Q

ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

A

Contractility

42
Q

ability of the muscle cells to be stretched

A

Extensibility

43
Q

ability to recoil and resume their resting length

A

Elasticity

44
Q

Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a _____ to contract

A

nerve

45
Q

Composed of One neuron and Muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

A

Motor unit

46
Q

association site of nerve and muscle

A

Neuromuscular junctions

47
Q

The gap between nerve and muscle

A

Synaptic cleft

48
Q

Nerve and muscle do not make contact and the Area between nerve and muscle is filled with interstitial fluid

A

Synaptic cleft

49
Q

A chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse

A

Neurotransmitter

50
Q

The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is

A

acetylcholine

51
Q

Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors on the

A

sarcolemma

52
Q

Sarcolemma becomes permeable to

A

sodium (Na+)

53
Q

______ rushing into the cell generates an action potential. Once started, muscle contraction cannot be stopped

A

Sodium

54
Q

Activation by nerve causes _____ _______ (crossbridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin filament

A

myosin heads

55
Q

then bind to the next site of the thin filament

A

Myosin heads

56
Q

This continued action causes a sliding of the ______ along the ______

A

myosin , actin

57
Q

The result is that the muscle is

A

shortened (contracted)

58
Q

Muscle fiber contraction is

A

“all or none”

59
Q

Within a _________ _________, not all fibers may be stimulated during the same interval

A

skeletal muscle

60
Q

Different combinations of _______ ______ contractions may give differing responses

A

muscle fiber

61
Q

different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening

A

Graded responses

62
Q

A type of response where it is Single, brief contraction. It is not a normal muscle function

A

Twitch

63
Q

A type of response where One contraction is immediately followed by another. The muscle does not completely return to a
resting state.The effects are added. It is the summing of contractions.

A

Tetanus

64
Q

A type of response where it is
some relaxation occurs between contractions. The results are summed

A

Unfused (incomplete) tetanus

65
Q

A type of response where there is No evidence of relaxation before the following contractions. The result is a sustained muscle contraction.

A

Fused (complete) tetanus

66
Q

______ _____ depends upon the number of fibers stimulated

A

Muscle force

67
Q

More fibers contracting results in greater

A

Muscle tension

68
Q

Muscles can continue to contract unless they run out of _______

A

energy

69
Q

Initially, muscles used stored ___ for energy

A

ATP

70
Q

Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy, Only _____ ________ worth of ATP is stored by muscles

A

4-6 seconds

71
Q

The Muscle cells contain creatine phosphate (CP). After ATP is depleted, ADP is left. CP transfers energy to ADP, to regenerate ATP
CP supplies are exhausted in about 20 seconds

A

Direct phosphorylation

72
Q

a high-energy molecule

A

creatine phosphate (CP)

73
Q

Series of metabolic pathways that occur in the mitochondria. Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy.

A

Aerobic Respiration

74
Q

This is a slower reaction that requires continuous oxygen

A

Aerobic Respiration

75
Q

Reaction that breaks down glucose without oxygen. Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to produce some ATP

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

76
Q

IT is where Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

77
Q

This reaction is not as efficient, but is fast. The Huge amounts of glucose are needed and Lactic acid produces muscle fatigue

A

Anaerobic glycolysis (continued)

78
Q

The common reason for muscle fatigue is

A

oxygen debt

79
Q

When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to

A

contract

80
Q

Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove oxygen debt. Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated ______ _____

A

lactic acid

81
Q

Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of ATP causes the muscle to ______ ____

A

contract less

82
Q

Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions. The muscle shortens

A

Isotonic contractions

83
Q

Tension in the muscles increases
The muscle is unable to shorten

A

Isometric contractions

84
Q

The process of stimulating various fibers is under

A

involuntary control

85
Q

Different fibers contract at different times to provide

A

muscle tone

86
Q

Some fibers are contracted even in a

A

relaxed muscle

87
Q

Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an __________ ____

A

attached bone

88
Q

Muscles are attached to at least two points

A

Origin & Insertion

89
Q

attachment to a moveable bone

A

Origin

90
Q

attachment to an immovable bone

A

Insertion

91
Q

resistance or isometric exercises

A

Increase in muscle size

92
Q

aerobic or endurance type of exercise

A

Increase in muscle strength

93
Q

-Increase in muscle efficiency
-Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant
-Increase in muscle size
-Increase in muscle strength

A

Effects of Exercise on Muscle

Anatomy Lec (18 decks)

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