Endocrine System part 1 Flashcards
Second-messenger system of the body which Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood
Endocrine System
The chemical messengers that are released into the blood are
Hormones
Hormones control several major processes such as
Growth and development
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Mobilization of body defenses
Regulation of metabolism
Reproduction
Hormones are produced by
specialized cells
Cells secrete hormones into
extracellular fluids
Blood transfers hormones to
target sites
regulate the activity of other cells
hormones
Hormones are classified chemically as
Amino acid
Steroids
Prostaglandins
Amino acid–based hormones includes
Proteins
Peptides
Amines
Hormones made from cholesterol
Steroids
Hormones made from highly active lipids
Prostaglandins
Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs which are called
target cells or target organs
They must have specific protein receptors
Target cells
It alters cellular activity
Hormone-binding
Effects Caused by Hormones
Activation or inactivation of enzymes
Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state
Promotion of secretory activity
Stimulation of mitosis
Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
Two mechanisms in which hormones act
Direct gene activation
Second-messenger system
It Diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells which Enter the nucleus. Then it Bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
and to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
which Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins
Direct Gene Activation
(Steroid Hormone Action)
Another term for Direct Gene Activation
(Steroid Hormone Action)
Second-Messenger System is also known as
(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)
The Hormone binds to a membrane receptor which it does not enter the cell. This Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme
Second-Messenger System
(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)
It Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second-messenger molecule that
Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response
Second-Messenger System
(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)
The binding of the non-steroid hormone triggers an enzyme inside the cell membrane. The enzyme activates another molecule, called the
Second Messenger
In the Steroid Hormone Action, This binding initiates the transcription of specific genes to
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
In the Steroid Hormone Action, Once inside, it binds to a steroid receptor protein and forms a
hormone-receptor complex.
In the Steroid Hormone Action, mRNA moves into it which directs protein synthesis.
cytoplasm
In the non-steroid hormone action, One common secondary messenger is ______, which is produced from ATP.
cAMP (cyclic AMP)
cAMP (cyclic AMP), which is produced from
ATP
cAMP means
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Other secondary messengers include
calcium ions
nucleotides
fatty acids
It is the first messenger in the non-steroid hormone action
Nonsteroid Hormone
The second messenger effects the cellular formation such as
Glycogen Breakdown
The pineal gland or body produces the hormone
Melatonin
Melatonin is an ______ hormone type
Amine
It is involved in biological rhythms and regulates the light/dark cycles
Melatonin
Melatonin is produced by the
Pineal Gland
Hypothalamus produces hormones that is released from the
Posterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary
This side of the pituitary lobe releases hormones made by the hypothalamus
Posterior lobe
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin is a _________ hormone
Peptide
It stimulates contraction of the uterus and the milk “let-down” reflex
Oxytocin
Oxytocin is regulated by this system in response to uterine stretching and suckling of the baby
Nervous system
ADH is a _________ Hormone
Peptide
This hormone promotes retention of water by kidneys
Antidiuretic Hormone ADH
The ADH is regulated by this part of the brain in response to water or salt imnbalance
Hypothalamus
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases these hormones
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Every hormone released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland are _______ hormone type
Protein
This hormone Stimulates growth especially on the bones and muscles and metabolism
Growth Hormone (GH)
This hormone stimulates milk production
Prolactin (PRL)
This hormone stimulates ovaries and testes
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
This hormone stimulates production of ova and sperm
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
This hormone stimulates the thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
This hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PRL), Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) are regulated by the
Hypothalamic hormones
Growth hormone is regulated by the
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones