Endocrine System part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Second-messenger system of the body which Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood

A

Endocrine System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The chemical messengers that are released into the blood are

A

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hormones control several major processes such as

A

Growth and development
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Mobilization of body defenses
Regulation of metabolism
Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hormones are produced by

A

specialized cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cells secrete hormones into

A

extracellular fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Blood transfers hormones to

A

target sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

regulate the activity of other cells

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hormones are classified chemically as

A

Amino acid
Steroids
Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Amino acid–based hormones includes

A

Proteins
Peptides
Amines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hormones made from cholesterol

A

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hormones made from highly active lipids

A

Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs which are called

A

target cells or target organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

They must have specific protein receptors

A

Target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

It alters cellular activity

A

Hormone-binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Effects Caused by Hormones

A

Activation or inactivation of enzymes
Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state
Promotion of secretory activity
Stimulation of mitosis
Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two mechanisms in which hormones act

A

Direct gene activation
Second-messenger system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

It Diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells which Enter the nucleus. Then it Bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
and to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
which Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins

A

Direct Gene Activation
(Steroid Hormone Action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Another term for Direct Gene Activation

A

(Steroid Hormone Action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Second-Messenger System is also known as

A

(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The Hormone binds to a membrane receptor which it does not enter the cell. This Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme

A

Second-Messenger System
(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

It Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second-messenger molecule that
Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response

A

Second-Messenger System
(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The binding of the non-steroid hormone triggers an enzyme inside the cell membrane. The enzyme activates another molecule, called the

A

Second Messenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In the Steroid Hormone Action, This binding initiates the transcription of specific genes to

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In the Steroid Hormone Action, Once inside, it binds to a steroid receptor protein and forms a

A

hormone-receptor complex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In the Steroid Hormone Action, mRNA moves into it which directs protein synthesis.

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In the non-steroid hormone action, One common secondary messenger is ______, which is produced from ATP.

A

cAMP (cyclic AMP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cAMP (cyclic AMP), which is produced from

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cAMP means

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Other secondary messengers include

A

calcium ions
nucleotides
fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

It is the first messenger in the non-steroid hormone action

A

Nonsteroid Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The second messenger effects the cellular formation such as

A

Glycogen Breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The pineal gland or body produces the hormone

A

Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Melatonin is an ______ hormone type

A

Amine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

It is involved in biological rhythms and regulates the light/dark cycles

A

Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Melatonin is produced by the

A

Pineal Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hypothalamus produces hormones that is released from the

A

Posterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

This side of the pituitary lobe releases hormones made by the hypothalamus

A

Posterior lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Oxytocin is a _________ hormone

A

Peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

It stimulates contraction of the uterus and the milk “let-down” reflex

A

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Oxytocin is regulated by this system in response to uterine stretching and suckling of the baby

A

Nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

ADH is a _________ Hormone

A

Peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

This hormone promotes retention of water by kidneys

A

Antidiuretic Hormone ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The ADH is regulated by this part of the brain in response to water or salt imnbalance

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases these hormones

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Every hormone released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland are _______ hormone type

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

This hormone Stimulates growth especially on the bones and muscles and metabolism

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

This hormone stimulates milk production

A

Prolactin (PRL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

This hormone stimulates ovaries and testes

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

This hormone stimulates production of ova and sperm

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

This hormone stimulates the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

This hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Prolactin (PRL), Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) are regulated by the

A

Hypothalamic hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Growth hormone is regulated by the

A

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is regulated by the

A

Thyroxing in the blood and the hypothalamic hormones

56
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is regulated by the

A

Glucocorticoids and the hypothalalamic hormones

57
Q

The thyroid gland produces the

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

58
Q

These hormones stimulate metabolism

A

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

59
Q

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are regulated by the

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

60
Q

Calcitonin is produced by the

A

Thyroid Gland

61
Q

Calcitonin is a _______ hormone type

A

peptide

62
Q

This hormone reduces blood calcium level

A

CAlcitonin

63
Q

Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone is regulated by the

A

Calcium level in the blood

64
Q

This hormone raises blood calcium level

A

Parathyroid hormone PTH

65
Q

PTH is produced by the

A

Parathyroid gland

66
Q

PTH is a ______ hormone type

A

peptide

67
Q

Thymus gland produced the

A

Thymosin

68
Q

Thymosin is a ________ hormone type

A

Peptide

69
Q

This hormones programs T-lymphocytes but it is unknown who regulates this hormone

A

Thymosin

70
Q

The two adrenal glands are

A

Adrenal medulla
Adrenal Cortex

71
Q

Epinephrine and Non-epinephrine are produced by the

A

Adrenal medulla

72
Q

These hormones raise blood glucose levels, increase metabolism rate, and constrict certain blood vessels

A

Epinephrine and Non-epinephrine

73
Q

Epinephrine and Non-epinephrine is regulated by the

A

NErvous system, sympathetic division

74
Q

Adrenal cortex produces these hormones

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids

75
Q

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids are ___________ Hormone type

A

Steroids

76
Q

This hormone increases blood glucose and is regulated by the Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

A

Glucocorticoids

77
Q

It promotes reabsorption of Sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidneys

A

Mineralocorticoids

78
Q

Mineralocorticoid is regulate by the changes in ________ ________ or _______ _________, and the K+ or Na+ levels in the blood

A

Blood volume or Blood pressure

79
Q

The pancreas produces these hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon

80
Q

Insulin and Glucagon are _____ hormone types

A

Protein

81
Q

this hormone reduces blood sugar and is regulated by the glucose level in blood

A

insulin

82
Q

This hormone raises blood glucose and is regulated by the glucose level in blood

A

Glucagon

83
Q

Testes produces

A

Androgens

84
Q

Ovaries produces

A

Estrogen
Progesterone

85
Q

Androgens, Estrogens, and Progesterone are __________ hormone type

A

Steroid

86
Q

Androgens, Estrogens, and Progesterone are regulated by these hormones

A

FSH
LH

87
Q

This hormone supports sperm formation, development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

A

Androgens

88
Q

This hormone stimulate uterine lining growth, development and maintenance of female second sex characterisitcs

A

Estrogen

89
Q

This hormone promotes the growth of the uterine lining

A

Progestrerone

90
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by

A

negative feedback

91
Q

levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone

A

stimulus or low hormone

92
Q

Hormone release stops once an ______________ ______ in the blood is reached

A

appropriate level

93
Q

This is the Most common stimuli. The Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones

A

Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

94
Q

Examples of Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

A

Anterior pituitary hormones

95
Q

This stimuli is the Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release

A

Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

96
Q

indicates various body fluids such as blood and bile

A

Humoral

97
Q

Examples of Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands are

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin

98
Q

This stimuli are the Nerve impulses that stimulate hormone release Most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

99
Q

Most neural stimuli are under the control of the

A

sympathetic nervous system

100
Q

Examples include the release of ____________ & ___________ in the adrenal medulla

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

101
Q

Gonads are the

A

Ovaries and Testes

102
Q

Parathyroid glands are on the ________ aspect of the thyroid gland

A

dorsal

103
Q

Pituitary Gland is in a size of a

A

pea

104
Q

It Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain and is Often called the “master endocrine gland”

A

Pituitary Gland

105
Q

Pituitary Gland is protected by the

A

Sphenoid bone

106
Q

Pituitary Gland Has two functional lobes

A

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary

107
Q

The pituitary lobe that is the glandular lobe

A

Anterior pituitary

108
Q

The pituitary lobe that is the nervous tissue

A

Posterior pituitary

109
Q

There are Six anterior pituitary hormones. the Two affect non-endocrine targets which are

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin

110
Q

Four stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropic hormone)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Two gonadotropic hormones

111
Q

These hormones stimulate other endocrine glands

A

Tropic hormones

112
Q

gonadotropic hormones are

A

FSH
LH

113
Q

Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones

A

They are either are Proteins (or peptides) and Act through second-messenger systems. They are regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback

114
Q

General metabolic hormone that Plays a role in determining final body size

A

Growth hormone

115
Q

The growth hormone’s Major effects are directed to growth of __________ muscles and _____ bones

A

skeletal, long

116
Q

the GH Causes amino acids to be built into

A

Proteins

117
Q

results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood

A

Pituitary dwarfism

118
Q

results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood

A

Gigantism

119
Q

results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

A

Acromegaly

120
Q

Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth but Function in males is unknown

A

Prolactin (PRL)

121
Q

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

122
Q

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

123
Q

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic hormones

124
Q

It Stimulates follicle development in ovaries and Stimulates sperm development in testes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

125
Q

I Triggers ovulation of an egg in females and Stimulates testosterone production in males

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

126
Q

Hormonal release is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the

A

hypothalamus

127
Q

Hypothalamus produces two hormones. These hormones are transported to neurosecretory cells of the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone

128
Q

is not strictly an endocrine gland, but does release hormones

A

posterior pituitary

129
Q

It Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding and Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman

A

Oxytocin

130
Q

Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

131
Q

In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to

A

increased blood pressure

132
Q

ADH is also known as

A

Vasopressin

133
Q

This is where posterior lobe hormones go to exit the lobe

A

Venous drainage

134
Q

Oxytocin stimulates the

A

Mammary glands
Uterine Muscles

135
Q

Vasopressin stimulates the

A

Lidney tubules