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Endocrine System part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Second-messenger system of the body which Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

The chemical messengers that are released into the blood are

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Hormones control several major processes such as

A

Growth and development
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Mobilization of body defenses
Regulation of metabolism
Reproduction

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4
Q

Hormones are produced by

A

specialized cells

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5
Q

Cells secrete hormones into

A

extracellular fluids

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6
Q

Blood transfers hormones to

A

target sites

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7
Q

regulate the activity of other cells

A

hormones

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8
Q

Hormones are classified chemically as

A

Amino acid
Steroids
Prostaglandins

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9
Q

Amino acid–based hormones includes

A

Proteins
Peptides
Amines

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10
Q

Hormones made from cholesterol

A

Steroids

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11
Q

Hormones made from highly active lipids

A

Prostaglandins

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12
Q

Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs which are called

A

target cells or target organs

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13
Q

They must have specific protein receptors

A

Target cells

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14
Q

It alters cellular activity

A

Hormone-binding

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15
Q

Effects Caused by Hormones

A

Activation or inactivation of enzymes
Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state
Promotion of secretory activity
Stimulation of mitosis
Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes

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16
Q

Two mechanisms in which hormones act

A

Direct gene activation
Second-messenger system

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17
Q

It Diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells which Enter the nucleus. Then it Bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
and to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
which Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins

A

Direct Gene Activation
(Steroid Hormone Action)

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18
Q

Another term for Direct Gene Activation

A

(Steroid Hormone Action)

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19
Q

Second-Messenger System is also known as

A

(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)

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20
Q

The Hormone binds to a membrane receptor which it does not enter the cell. This Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme

A

Second-Messenger System
(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)

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21
Q

It Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second-messenger molecule that
Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response

A

Second-Messenger System
(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)

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22
Q

The binding of the non-steroid hormone triggers an enzyme inside the cell membrane. The enzyme activates another molecule, called the

A

Second Messenger

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23
Q

In the Steroid Hormone Action, This binding initiates the transcription of specific genes to

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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24
Q

In the Steroid Hormone Action, Once inside, it binds to a steroid receptor protein and forms a

A

hormone-receptor complex.

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25
Q

In the Steroid Hormone Action, mRNA moves into it which directs protein synthesis.

A

cytoplasm

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26
Q

In the non-steroid hormone action, One common secondary messenger is ______, which is produced from ATP.

A

cAMP (cyclic AMP)

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27
Q

cAMP (cyclic AMP), which is produced from

A

ATP

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28
Q

cAMP means

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

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29
Q

Other secondary messengers include

A

calcium ions
nucleotides
fatty acids

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30
Q

It is the first messenger in the non-steroid hormone action

A

Nonsteroid Hormone

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31
Q

The second messenger effects the cellular formation such as

A

Glycogen Breakdown

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32
Q

The pineal gland or body produces the hormone

A

Melatonin

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33
Q

Melatonin is an ______ hormone type

A

Amine

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34
Q

It is involved in biological rhythms and regulates the light/dark cycles

A

Melatonin

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35
Q

Melatonin is produced by the

A

Pineal Gland

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36
Q

Hypothalamus produces hormones that is released from the

A

Posterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary

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37
Q

This side of the pituitary lobe releases hormones made by the hypothalamus

A

Posterior lobe

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38
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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39
Q

Oxytocin is a _________ hormone

A

Peptide

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40
Q

It stimulates contraction of the uterus and the milk “let-down” reflex

A

Oxytocin

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41
Q

Oxytocin is regulated by this system in response to uterine stretching and suckling of the baby

A

Nervous system

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42
Q

ADH is a _________ Hormone

A

Peptide

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43
Q

This hormone promotes retention of water by kidneys

A

Antidiuretic Hormone ADH

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44
Q

The ADH is regulated by this part of the brain in response to water or salt imnbalance

A

Hypothalamus

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45
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases these hormones

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

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46
Q

Every hormone released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland are _______ hormone type

A

Protein

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47
Q

This hormone Stimulates growth especially on the bones and muscles and metabolism

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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48
Q

This hormone stimulates milk production

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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49
Q

This hormone stimulates ovaries and testes

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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50
Q

This hormone stimulates production of ova and sperm

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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51
Q

This hormone stimulates the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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52
Q

This hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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53
Q

Prolactin (PRL), Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) are regulated by the

A

Hypothalamic hormones

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54
Q

Growth hormone is regulated by the

A

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

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55
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is regulated by the

A

Thyroxing in the blood and the hypothalamic hormones

56
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is regulated by the

A

Glucocorticoids and the hypothalalamic hormones

57
Q

The thyroid gland produces the

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

58
Q

These hormones stimulate metabolism

A

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

59
Q

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are regulated by the

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

60
Q

Calcitonin is produced by the

A

Thyroid Gland

61
Q

Calcitonin is a _______ hormone type

62
Q

This hormone reduces blood calcium level

A

CAlcitonin

63
Q

Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone is regulated by the

A

Calcium level in the blood

64
Q

This hormone raises blood calcium level

A

Parathyroid hormone PTH

65
Q

PTH is produced by the

A

Parathyroid gland

66
Q

PTH is a ______ hormone type

67
Q

Thymus gland produced the

68
Q

Thymosin is a ________ hormone type

69
Q

This hormones programs T-lymphocytes but it is unknown who regulates this hormone

70
Q

The two adrenal glands are

A

Adrenal medulla
Adrenal Cortex

71
Q

Epinephrine and Non-epinephrine are produced by the

A

Adrenal medulla

72
Q

These hormones raise blood glucose levels, increase metabolism rate, and constrict certain blood vessels

A

Epinephrine and Non-epinephrine

73
Q

Epinephrine and Non-epinephrine is regulated by the

A

NErvous system, sympathetic division

74
Q

Adrenal cortex produces these hormones

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids

75
Q

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids are ___________ Hormone type

76
Q

This hormone increases blood glucose and is regulated by the Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

A

Glucocorticoids

77
Q

It promotes reabsorption of Sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidneys

A

Mineralocorticoids

78
Q

Mineralocorticoid is regulate by the changes in ________ ________ or _______ _________, and the K+ or Na+ levels in the blood

A

Blood volume or Blood pressure

79
Q

The pancreas produces these hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon

80
Q

Insulin and Glucagon are _____ hormone types

81
Q

this hormone reduces blood sugar and is regulated by the glucose level in blood

82
Q

This hormone raises blood glucose and is regulated by the glucose level in blood

83
Q

Testes produces

84
Q

Ovaries produces

A

Estrogen
Progesterone

85
Q

Androgens, Estrogens, and Progesterone are __________ hormone type

86
Q

Androgens, Estrogens, and Progesterone are regulated by these hormones

87
Q

This hormone supports sperm formation, development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

88
Q

This hormone stimulate uterine lining growth, development and maintenance of female second sex characterisitcs

89
Q

This hormone promotes the growth of the uterine lining

A

Progestrerone

90
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by

A

negative feedback

91
Q

levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone

A

stimulus or low hormone

92
Q

Hormone release stops once an ______________ ______ in the blood is reached

A

appropriate level

93
Q

This is the Most common stimuli. The Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones

A

Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

94
Q

Examples of Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

A

Anterior pituitary hormones

95
Q

This stimuli is the Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release

A

Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

96
Q

indicates various body fluids such as blood and bile

97
Q

Examples of Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands are

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin

98
Q

This stimuli are the Nerve impulses that stimulate hormone release Most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

99
Q

Most neural stimuli are under the control of the

A

sympathetic nervous system

100
Q

Examples include the release of ____________ & ___________ in the adrenal medulla

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

101
Q

Gonads are the

A

Ovaries and Testes

102
Q

Parathyroid glands are on the ________ aspect of the thyroid gland

103
Q

Pituitary Gland is in a size of a

104
Q

It Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain and is Often called the “master endocrine gland”

A

Pituitary Gland

105
Q

Pituitary Gland is protected by the

A

Sphenoid bone

106
Q

Pituitary Gland Has two functional lobes

A

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary

107
Q

The pituitary lobe that is the glandular lobe

A

Anterior pituitary

108
Q

The pituitary lobe that is the nervous tissue

A

Posterior pituitary

109
Q

There are Six anterior pituitary hormones. the Two affect non-endocrine targets which are

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin

110
Q

Four stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropic hormone)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Two gonadotropic hormones

111
Q

These hormones stimulate other endocrine glands

A

Tropic hormones

112
Q

gonadotropic hormones are

113
Q

Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones

A

They are either are Proteins (or peptides) and Act through second-messenger systems. They are regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback

114
Q

General metabolic hormone that Plays a role in determining final body size

A

Growth hormone

115
Q

The growth hormone’s Major effects are directed to growth of __________ muscles and _____ bones

A

skeletal, long

116
Q

the GH Causes amino acids to be built into

117
Q

results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood

A

Pituitary dwarfism

118
Q

results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood

119
Q

results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

A

Acromegaly

120
Q

Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth but Function in males is unknown

A

Prolactin (PRL)

121
Q

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

122
Q

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

123
Q

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic hormones

124
Q

It Stimulates follicle development in ovaries and Stimulates sperm development in testes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

125
Q

I Triggers ovulation of an egg in females and Stimulates testosterone production in males

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

126
Q

Hormonal release is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the

A

hypothalamus

127
Q

Hypothalamus produces two hormones. These hormones are transported to neurosecretory cells of the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone

128
Q

is not strictly an endocrine gland, but does release hormones

A

posterior pituitary

129
Q

It Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding and Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman

130
Q

Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

131
Q

In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to

A

increased blood pressure

132
Q

ADH is also known as

A

Vasopressin

133
Q

This is where posterior lobe hormones go to exit the lobe

A

Venous drainage

134
Q

Oxytocin stimulates the

A

Mammary glands
Uterine Muscles

135
Q

Vasopressin stimulates the

A

Lidney tubules

Anatomy Lec (18 decks)

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