Blood Flashcards
The only fluid tissue in the human body
Blood
Blood is Classified as a ___________ tissue
connective
the Components of blood are the following
Living cells
Non-living matrix
Living cells in the blood are made up of
Formed elements
Non-living matrix in the blood are made up of
Plasma
Plasma is ___% of the blood
55%
90% of the plasma is made up of
Water
This constituent’s function in the blood is to become the solvent for carrying other substances and absorbs heat
Water
The salts or electrolytes seen in the blood are the following:
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
The salt in the blood is also known as an
electrolyte
This constituent’s use in the blood is osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of permeability
Salts (Electrolytes)
Examples of Plasma proteins in the blood are the following
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins
This plasma protein of the blood has something to do with the osmotic balance and pH buffering
Albumin
This plasma protein of the blood is involved in clotting of blood
Fibrinogen
This plasma protein of the blood is involved in the defence (antibodies) and lipid transplant
Globulins
The substances that are transported by the blood are the following
Nutrients
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Nutrients that are transported by the blood are the following
Glucose
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Vitamins
the two waste products of metabolism are
Urea
Uric acid
The two respiratory gases are
Oxygen (O2)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
The formed elements (cells) are ___% of the blood
45%
Erythrocytes are also known as
Red Blood cells
Leukocytes are also known as the
White blood cells
Thrombocytes are also known as the
Platelets
RBC’s are up to __-__ _______ per mm3 of blood
4-6 million
This cell type transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules and help transport CO2
RBC’s / Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
There are five kinds of leukocytes which are the following
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
WBC’s are up t0 _______ -_________ per mm3 of blood
5000 - 11,000
This cell type functions as defense and immunity
WBC’s / White blood cells
Leukocytes
This cell type is needed for blood clotting.
Platelets / Thrombocytes
Platelets are up to ________ -_________ per mm3 of blood
250,000 - 500,000
Color of Oxygen-rich blood is
scarlet red
Color of Oxygen-poor blood
dull red
pH od blood must remain between
7.35–7.45
Blood is slightly
basic
Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at
100.4°F (38 Celsius)
In a healthy man, blood volume is about __-__ liters or about __ quarts
5–6 liters , 6 quarts
Blood makes up __ % of body weight
8%
Blood plasma Includes many dissolved substances such as
Nutrients
Salts (electrolytes)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Plasma proteins
Waste products
Most abundant solutes in plasma
Plasma proteins
Most plasma proteins are made by
liver
This plasma protein regulates osmotic pressure
Albumin
this plasma protein help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Clotting proteins
This plasma protein help protect the body from pathogens
Antibodies
Blood becomes too acidic
Acidosis
Blood becomes too basic
Alkalosis
In each scenario, the __________ system and ________ help restore blood pH to normal
respiratory, kidneys
Formed cells are consists of the following
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Cell fragments
An anucleate salmon-colored biconcave disks cells that are literally the sacs of hemoglobin. This is where most organelles are ejected
Red blood cells
There are three types of granulocytes which are the
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC’s
40-70%
Neutrophils are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
3000-7000
This Granulocytes are active phagocytes. Their number increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections
Neutrophils
The number of Neutrophils increases rapidly during ______-_____ or _______ ________
Short-term or acute infections
This WBC’s have cytoplasm that is stained pale pink and contains fine granules which are difficult to see. The deep purple nucleus is consists of three to seven lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm
Neutrophils
Eosinophils consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC’s
1-4%
Basophils consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC’s
0-1%
Eosinophils are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
100-400
Basophils are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
20-50
granulocyte that has a red coarse cytoplasmic granules that has a figure-eight or bilobed nucleus stains blue-red
Eosinophils
This granulocyte has a cytoplasm that has few large blue-purple granules. It has a U or S shaped nucleus with constrictions and dark blue stains
Basophils
This granulocyte kills parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes. It increases during allergy attacks and might phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and inactive some inflammatory chemicals
Eosinophils
A vasodilator chemical
Histamine
This granulocytes releases histamine at sites of inflammation and contains heparin, an anticoagulant
Basophils
An anticoagulant constituent in Basophils
Heparin
Main function is to carry oxygen
Erythrocytes
Anatomy of circulating __________
- Biconcave disks
- Essentially bags of hemoglobin
- Anucleate (no nucleus)
- Contain very few organelles
erythrocytes
there are __ ________ RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
5 million
An Iron-containing protein
Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
Hemoglobin
Each hemoglobin molecule has ______ ________ binding sites
four oxygen
Each erythrocyte has ____ ________ hemoglobin molecules
250 million
Normal blood contains ___-____ g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood
12–18 g
is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
Anemia
results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin
Sickle cell anemia (SCA)
an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
Polycythemia
Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs are the following
Anemia
Sickle CEll anemia
Polycythemia
Lymphocytes consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC’s
20-45%
Monocytes consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC’s
4-8%
These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles and is Crucial in the body’s defense against disease which Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs)
Lymphocytes are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
1500 - 3000
Monocytes are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
100-700
Platelets are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
150,000 - 500,0000
This is a part of the immune system where one group produces antibodies while the other group involves in a graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses via direct cell attack
Lymphocytes
There are two types of lymphocytes which are
B Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
This Lymphocyte produces antibodies
B Lymphocytes
This lymphocyte is involved in graft rejection which fight tumors and viruses via direct cell attack
T Lymphocytes
This type of agranulocyte is an active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues which is also known as the “clean-up team”;
It increases in number during chronic infections like tuberculosis
Monocyte
Agranulocytes; abundant gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple nucleus often kidney-shaped
Monocytes
Agranulocytes; cytoplasm pale blue and appears as thin rim around nucleus; spherical dark purple-blue nucleus
Lymphocyte
Essentially irregularly shaped cell fragments; stain deep purple
Platelets
Needed for normal blood clotting; initiate clotting cascade by clinging to broken area; help to control blood loss from broken blood vessels
Platelets
WBC’s are Able to move into and out of blood vessels. This term is called
diapedesis
WBC’s Can move by __________ motion
Ameboid
This condition is where WBC count above 11,000 leukocytes/mm3 and
Generally indicates an infection
Leukocytosis
This condition is where there is Abnormally low leukocyte level which is Commonly caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents
Leukopenia
This condition is where Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC
Leukemia
There are 2 Types of leukocytes which are
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
This leukocytes has Granules in their cytoplasm which can be stained. It Possess lobed nuclei and it Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Granulocytes
This leukocyte Lack visible cytoplasmic granules. Their Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped
Include lymphocytes and monocytes
Agranulocytes
List of the WBCs from most to least abundant
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell which is the
Hemocytoblast stem cells
Hemocytoblast stem cells can form two types of stem cells which are
Lymphoid stem cells
Myeloid stem cells
Every formed elements of the blood is formed from Myeloid stem cells except
Lymphocytes
This type of granulocyte has a Multilobed nucleus with fine granules and Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
Neutrophils
This type of granulocyte has a Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules that is Found in response to allergies and parasitic worm
Eosinophils
This type of granulocyte Have histamine-containing granules and Initiate inflammation
Basophils
This type of agranulocyte has its Nucleus fills most of the cell and Play an important role in the immune response
Lymphocytes
This type of agranulocyte is the Largest of the white blood cells. It Function as macrophages and is important in fighting chronic infection
Monocytes
the specific Normal platelet count =
300,000/mm3
This formed elements is Needed for the clotting process
Platelets
Platelets are Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells. This term is called
megakaryocytes
This refers to Blood cell formation which Occurs in red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
In the formation of ______________, it is Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
Erythrocytes
RBC’s Wear out in _____ to _____ days
100 to 120
When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by ____________
phagocytes
______ cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
Lost
When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the
Spleen or Liver
The Rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called
erythropoietin
This organ produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
Kidneys
Homeostasis is maintained by __________ _________ from blood oxygen levels
negative feedback
a tightly-regulated and complex process originating in the bone marrow from a multipotent stem cell and terminating in a mature, enucleated erythrocyte
Erythropoiesis
This hormone stimulates production of platelets
Thrombopoietin
These hormones prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) interleukins
This refers to the Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel
Hemostasis
Hemostasis involves three phases
Vascular spasms
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)
The first step of Hemostasis. This is where Vasoconstriction happens which causes blood vessel to spasm.
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
Vascular spasms
It causes blood vessel to spasm
Vasoconstriction
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing
blood loss
The second step of Hemostasis. It is where Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel. The Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
Platelet plug formation
_________ ______ are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
Collagen fibers
In the Platelet plug formation, Platelets become “_________” and cling to fibers
sticky
It release chemicals to attract more platelets
Anchored platelets
Platelets pile up to form a
platelet plug
Injury to lining of vessel exposes
collagen fibers; platelets adhere
Platelet Plug Formation
It release chemicals that attract more platelets to the site and make nearby
platelets sticky
Platelets
Coagulation involve five clotting factors which are
tissue factor (TF)
PF3 (a phospholipid)
calcium ions
blood protein clotting factors
Prothrombin activator
1st Phase of coagulation
Formation of prothrombin activator
Phases of coagulation is also knwon as
(clotting cascade)
After the formation of prothrombin
activator, it then forms into
Prothrombin
After Prothrombin, it forms again into a
Thrombin
Thrombin the forms into a soluble substance which is
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen, a soluble substance, is then formed into an insoluble substance called
Fibrin
Injured tissues release
tissue factor (TF)
This phospholipid interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions
PF3
PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a
clotting cascade
converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
Prothrombin activator
Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like molecules of insoluble
fibrin
Fibrin forms a ___________, the basis for a clot
meshwork
Blood usually clots within __ to __ Minutes
3 to 6 minutes
The clot remains as ___________ regenerates
endothelium
The clot is broken down after tissue _______
repair
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel which Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Thrombus
A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream which Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
Embolus
It is Platelet deficiency. Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
Thrombocytopenia
A Hereditary bleeding disorder which
Normal clotting factors are missing
Hemophilia
Large losses of blood have serious consequences. Loss of 15–30% causes
weakness
Loss of over 30% causes ________, which can be fatal
shock
are the only way to replace blood quickly
Transfusions
Transfused blood must be of the same _________ group
blood
Blood contains genetically determined proteins which are called
Antigens
a substance the body recognizes as foreign
Antigens
Antigens (a substance the body recognizes as foreign) may be attacked by the
immune system
are the “recognizers” of a foreign substance
Antibodies
Blood is “typed” by using
antibodies
antibodies cause blood with certain proteins to clump. This refers to
agglutination
There are over ___ common red blood cell antigens
30
The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ______ & ____ blood group antigens
ABO and Rh
Blood groups are Based on the presence or absence of two antigens which are
Type A
Type B
The lack of A and B antigens on the blood is called
type O
The presence of both antigens A and B is called
type AB
The presence of antigen A is called
type A
The presence of antigen B is called
type B
This blood type can receive A, B, AB, and O blood. This makes it a Universal recipient
Blood type AB
This blood type can receive B and O blood
Blood type B
This blood type can receive A and O blood
Blood type A
This blood type can receive O blood. It is also known as the universal donor
Blood type O
Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens
Rh Blood Groups
Rh Blood Groups was originally defined or determined by the use of these species blood
Rhesus monkeys
Most Americans are
Rh+ (Rh positive)
Rh antigens are also known as
Rhesus antigens
Rh blood group contains the ____ antigen. Having this antigen on the red cell gives you the positive (+) and lacking it gives you the negative (-)
D
This antigen is the most immunogenic, meaning it provokes an immune response that makes it most likely to cause a transfusion reaction in the recipient.
Antigen D
Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with
Rh– (Rh negative) blood
This shot can can prevent buildup of
anti-Rh+ antibodies in mother’s blood
RhoGAM shot
Danger occurs only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the
Rh+ factor
The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems but The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy. In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood which causes this disease to the newborn
hemolytic disease
These organs are early sites of blood cell formation
fetal liver and spleen
Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the
seventh month
It differs from hemoglobin produced after birth
Fetal hemoglobin
Results in infants in which the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough
Physiologic jaundice
testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
Cross matching
In blood typing, Blood samples are mixed with
anti-A and anti-B serum
indicates that the test cells are D positive
Agglutination
No agglutination indicates that the test cells are
D negative.
Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining
blood type
