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Anatomy Lec > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

The only fluid tissue in the human body

A

Blood

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2
Q

Blood is Classified as a ___________ tissue

A

connective

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3
Q

the Components of blood are the following

A

Living cells
Non-living matrix

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4
Q

Living cells in the blood are made up of

A

Formed elements

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5
Q

Non-living matrix in the blood are made up of

A

Plasma

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6
Q

Plasma is ___% of the blood

A

55%

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7
Q

90% of the plasma is made up of

A

Water

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8
Q

This constituent’s function in the blood is to become the solvent for carrying other substances and absorbs heat

A

Water

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9
Q

The salts or electrolytes seen in the blood are the following:

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

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10
Q

The salt in the blood is also known as an

A

electrolyte

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11
Q

This constituent’s use in the blood is osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of permeability

A

Salts (Electrolytes)

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12
Q

Examples of Plasma proteins in the blood are the following

A

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins

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13
Q

This plasma protein of the blood has something to do with the osmotic balance and pH buffering

A

Albumin

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14
Q

This plasma protein of the blood is involved in clotting of blood

A

Fibrinogen

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15
Q

This plasma protein of the blood is involved in the defence (antibodies) and lipid transplant

A

Globulins

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16
Q

The substances that are transported by the blood are the following

A

Nutrients
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases
Hormones

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17
Q

Nutrients that are transported by the blood are the following

A

Glucose
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Vitamins

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18
Q

the two waste products of metabolism are

A

Urea
Uric acid

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19
Q

The two respiratory gases are

A

Oxygen (O2)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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20
Q

The formed elements (cells) are ___% of the blood

A

45%

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21
Q

Erythrocytes are also known as

A

Red Blood cells

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22
Q

Leukocytes are also known as the

A

White blood cells

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23
Q

Thrombocytes are also known as the

A

Platelets

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24
Q

RBC’s are up to __-__ _______ per mm3 of blood

A

4-6 million

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25
Q

This cell type transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules and help transport CO2

A

RBC’s / Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes

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26
Q

There are five kinds of leukocytes which are the following

A

Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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27
Q

WBC’s are up t0 _______ -_________ per mm3 of blood

A

5000 - 11,000

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28
Q

This cell type functions as defense and immunity

A

WBC’s / White blood cells
Leukocytes

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29
Q

This cell type is needed for blood clotting.

A

Platelets / Thrombocytes

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30
Q

Platelets are up to ________ -_________ per mm3 of blood

A

250,000 - 500,000

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31
Q

Color of Oxygen-rich blood is

A

scarlet red

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32
Q

Color of Oxygen-poor blood

A

dull red

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33
Q

pH od blood must remain between

A

7.35–7.45

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34
Q

Blood is slightly

A

basic

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35
Q

Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at

A

100.4°F (38 Celsius)

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36
Q

In a healthy man, blood volume is about __-__ liters or about __ quarts

A

5–6 liters , 6 quarts

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37
Q

Blood makes up __ % of body weight

A

8%

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38
Q

Blood plasma Includes many dissolved substances such as

A

Nutrients
Salts (electrolytes)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Plasma proteins
Waste products

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39
Q

Most abundant solutes in plasma

A

Plasma proteins

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40
Q

Most plasma proteins are made by

A

liver

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41
Q

This plasma protein regulates osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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42
Q

this plasma protein help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

A

Clotting proteins

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43
Q

This plasma protein help protect the body from pathogens

A

Antibodies

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44
Q

Blood becomes too acidic

A

Acidosis

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45
Q

Blood becomes too basic

A

Alkalosis

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46
Q

In each scenario, the __________ system and ________ help restore blood pH to normal

A

respiratory, kidneys

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47
Q

Formed cells are consists of the following

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Cell fragments

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48
Q

An anucleate salmon-colored biconcave disks cells that are literally the sacs of hemoglobin. This is where most organelles are ejected

A

Red blood cells

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49
Q

There are three types of granulocytes which are the

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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50
Q

Neutrophils consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC’s

A

40-70%

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51
Q

Neutrophils are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood

A

3000-7000

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52
Q

This Granulocytes are active phagocytes. Their number increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections

A

Neutrophils

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53
Q

The number of Neutrophils increases rapidly during ______-_____ or _______ ________

A

Short-term or acute infections

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54
Q

This WBC’s have cytoplasm that is stained pale pink and contains fine granules which are difficult to see. The deep purple nucleus is consists of three to seven lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm

A

Neutrophils

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55
Q

Eosinophils consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC’s

A

1-4%

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56
Q

Basophils consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC’s

A

0-1%

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57
Q

Eosinophils are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood

A

100-400

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58
Q

Basophils are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood

A

20-50

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59
Q

granulocyte that has a red coarse cytoplasmic granules that has a figure-eight or bilobed nucleus stains blue-red

A

Eosinophils

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60
Q

This granulocyte has a cytoplasm that has few large blue-purple granules. It has a U or S shaped nucleus with constrictions and dark blue stains

A

Basophils

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61
Q

This granulocyte kills parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes. It increases during allergy attacks and might phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and inactive some inflammatory chemicals

A

Eosinophils

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62
Q

A vasodilator chemical

A

Histamine

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63
Q

This granulocytes releases histamine at sites of inflammation and contains heparin, an anticoagulant

A

Basophils

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64
Q

An anticoagulant constituent in Basophils

A

Heparin

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65
Q

Main function is to carry oxygen

A

Erythrocytes

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66
Q

Anatomy of circulating __________
- Biconcave disks
- Essentially bags of hemoglobin
- Anucleate (no nucleus)
- Contain very few organelles

A

erythrocytes

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67
Q

there are __ ________ RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

A

5 million

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68
Q

An Iron-containing protein
Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

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69
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule has ______ ________ binding sites

A

four oxygen

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70
Q

Each erythrocyte has ____ ________ hemoglobin molecules

A

250 million

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71
Q

Normal blood contains ___-____ g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood

A

12–18 g

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72
Q

is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

A

Anemia

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73
Q

results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin

A

Sickle cell anemia (SCA)

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74
Q

an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes

A

Polycythemia

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75
Q

Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs are the following

A

Anemia
Sickle CEll anemia
Polycythemia

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76
Q

Lymphocytes consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC’s

A

20-45%

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77
Q

Monocytes consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC’s

A

4-8%

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78
Q

These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles and is Crucial in the body’s defense against disease which Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs)

79
Q

Lymphocytes are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood

A

1500 - 3000

80
Q

Monocytes are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood

A

100-700

81
Q

Platelets are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood

A

150,000 - 500,0000

82
Q

This is a part of the immune system where one group produces antibodies while the other group involves in a graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses via direct cell attack

A

Lymphocytes

83
Q

There are two types of lymphocytes which are

A

B Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes

84
Q

This Lymphocyte produces antibodies

A

B Lymphocytes

85
Q

This lymphocyte is involved in graft rejection which fight tumors and viruses via direct cell attack

A

T Lymphocytes

86
Q

This type of agranulocyte is an active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues which is also known as the “clean-up team”;
It increases in number during chronic infections like tuberculosis

A

Monocyte

87
Q

Agranulocytes; abundant gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple nucleus often kidney-shaped

A

Monocytes

88
Q

Agranulocytes; cytoplasm pale blue and appears as thin rim around nucleus; spherical dark purple-blue nucleus

A

Lymphocyte

89
Q

Essentially irregularly shaped cell fragments; stain deep purple

A

Platelets

90
Q

Needed for normal blood clotting; initiate clotting cascade by clinging to broken area; help to control blood loss from broken blood vessels

A

Platelets

91
Q

WBC’s are Able to move into and out of blood vessels. This term is called

A

diapedesis

92
Q

WBC’s Can move by __________ motion

A

Ameboid

93
Q

This condition is where WBC count above 11,000 leukocytes/mm3 and
Generally indicates an infection

A

Leukocytosis

94
Q

This condition is where there is Abnormally low leukocyte level which is Commonly caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents

A

Leukopenia

95
Q

This condition is where Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC

A

Leukemia

96
Q

There are 2 Types of leukocytes which are

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

97
Q

This leukocytes has Granules in their cytoplasm which can be stained. It Possess lobed nuclei and it Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

A

Granulocytes

98
Q

This leukocyte Lack visible cytoplasmic granules. Their Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped
Include lymphocytes and monocytes

A

Agranulocytes

99
Q

List of the WBCs from most to least abundant

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

100
Q

All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell which is the

A

Hemocytoblast stem cells

101
Q

Hemocytoblast stem cells can form two types of stem cells which are

A

Lymphoid stem cells
Myeloid stem cells

102
Q

Every formed elements of the blood is formed from Myeloid stem cells except

A

Lymphocytes

103
Q

This type of granulocyte has a Multilobed nucleus with fine granules and Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

A

Neutrophils

104
Q

This type of granulocyte has a Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules that is Found in response to allergies and parasitic worm

A

Eosinophils

105
Q

This type of granulocyte Have histamine-containing granules and Initiate inflammation

A

Basophils

106
Q

This type of agranulocyte has its Nucleus fills most of the cell and Play an important role in the immune response

A

Lymphocytes

107
Q

This type of agranulocyte is the Largest of the white blood cells. It Function as macrophages and is important in fighting chronic infection

A

Monocytes

108
Q

the specific Normal platelet count =

A

300,000/mm3

109
Q

This formed elements is Needed for the clotting process

A

Platelets

110
Q

Platelets are Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells. This term is called

A

megakaryocytes

111
Q

This refers to Blood cell formation which Occurs in red bone marrow

A

Hematopoiesis

112
Q

In the formation of ______________, it is Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins

A

Erythrocytes

113
Q

RBC’s Wear out in _____ to _____ days

A

100 to 120

114
Q

When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by ____________

A

phagocytes

115
Q

______ cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow

A

Lost

116
Q

When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the

A

Spleen or Liver

117
Q

The Rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called

A

erythropoietin

118
Q

This organ produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood

A

Kidneys

119
Q

Homeostasis is maintained by __________ _________ from blood oxygen levels

A

negative feedback

120
Q

a tightly-regulated and complex process originating in the bone marrow from a multipotent stem cell and terminating in a mature, enucleated erythrocyte

A

Erythropoiesis

121
Q

This hormone stimulates production of platelets

A

Thrombopoietin

122
Q

These hormones prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes

A

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) interleukins

123
Q

This refers to the Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel

A

Hemostasis

124
Q

Hemostasis involves three phases

A

Vascular spasms
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)

125
Q

The first step of Hemostasis. This is where Vasoconstriction happens which causes blood vessel to spasm.
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

A

Vascular spasms

126
Q

It causes blood vessel to spasm

A

Vasoconstriction

127
Q

Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing

A

blood loss

128
Q

The second step of Hemostasis. It is where Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel. The Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets

A

Platelet plug formation

129
Q

_________ ______ are exposed by a break in a blood vessel

A

Collagen fibers

130
Q

In the Platelet plug formation, Platelets become “_________” and cling to fibers

A

sticky

131
Q

It release chemicals to attract more platelets

A

Anchored platelets

132
Q

Platelets pile up to form a

A

platelet plug

133
Q

Injury to lining of vessel exposes
collagen fibers; platelets adhere

A

Platelet Plug Formation

134
Q

It release chemicals that attract more platelets to the site and make nearby
platelets sticky

A

Platelets

135
Q

Coagulation involve five clotting factors which are

A

tissue factor (TF)
PF3 (a phospholipid)
calcium ions
blood protein clotting factors
Prothrombin activator

136
Q

1st Phase of coagulation

A

Formation of prothrombin activator

137
Q

Phases of coagulation is also knwon as

A

(clotting cascade)

138
Q

After the formation of prothrombin
activator, it then forms into

A

Prothrombin

139
Q

After Prothrombin, it forms again into a

A

Thrombin

140
Q

Thrombin the forms into a soluble substance which is

A

Fibrinogen

141
Q

Fibrinogen, a soluble substance, is then formed into an insoluble substance called

A

Fibrin

142
Q

Injured tissues release

A

tissue factor (TF)

143
Q

This phospholipid interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions

A

PF3

144
Q

PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a

A

clotting cascade

145
Q

converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

A

Prothrombin activator

146
Q

Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like molecules of insoluble

A

fibrin

147
Q

Fibrin forms a ___________, the basis for a clot

A

meshwork

148
Q

Blood usually clots within __ to __ Minutes

A

3 to 6 minutes

149
Q

The clot remains as ___________ regenerates

A

endothelium

150
Q

The clot is broken down after tissue _______

A

repair

151
Q

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel which Can be deadly in areas like the heart

A

Thrombus

152
Q

A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream which Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

A

Embolus

153
Q

It is Platelet deficiency. Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

A

Thrombocytopenia

154
Q

A Hereditary bleeding disorder which
Normal clotting factors are missing

A

Hemophilia

155
Q

Large losses of blood have serious consequences. Loss of 15–30% causes

A

weakness

156
Q

Loss of over 30% causes ________, which can be fatal

A

shock

157
Q

are the only way to replace blood quickly

A

Transfusions

158
Q

Transfused blood must be of the same _________ group

A

blood

159
Q

Blood contains genetically determined proteins which are called

A

Antigens

160
Q

a substance the body recognizes as foreign

A

Antigens

161
Q

Antigens (a substance the body recognizes as foreign) may be attacked by the

A

immune system

162
Q

are the “recognizers” of a foreign substance

A

Antibodies

163
Q

Blood is “typed” by using

A

antibodies

164
Q

antibodies cause blood with certain proteins to clump. This refers to

A

agglutination

165
Q

There are over ___ common red blood cell antigens

A

30

166
Q

The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ______ & ____ blood group antigens

A

ABO and Rh

167
Q

Blood groups are Based on the presence or absence of two antigens which are

A

Type A
Type B

168
Q

The lack of A and B antigens on the blood is called

A

type O

169
Q

The presence of both antigens A and B is called

A

type AB

170
Q

The presence of antigen A is called

A

type A

171
Q

The presence of antigen B is called

A

type B

172
Q

This blood type can receive A, B, AB, and O blood. This makes it a Universal recipient

A

Blood type AB

173
Q

This blood type can receive B and O blood

A

Blood type B

174
Q

This blood type can receive A and O blood

A

Blood type A

175
Q

This blood type can receive O blood. It is also known as the universal donor

A

Blood type O

176
Q

Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens

A

Rh Blood Groups

177
Q

Rh Blood Groups was originally defined or determined by the use of these species blood

A

Rhesus monkeys

178
Q

Most Americans are

A

Rh+ (Rh positive)

179
Q

Rh antigens are also known as

A

Rhesus antigens

180
Q

Rh blood group contains the ____ antigen. Having this antigen on the red cell gives you the positive (+) and lacking it gives you the negative (-)

A

D

181
Q

This antigen is the most immunogenic, meaning it provokes an immune response that makes it most likely to cause a transfusion reaction in the recipient.

A

Antigen D

182
Q

Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with

A

Rh– (Rh negative) blood

183
Q

This shot can can prevent buildup of
anti-Rh+ antibodies in mother’s blood

A

RhoGAM shot

184
Q

Danger occurs only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the

A

Rh+ factor

185
Q

The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems but The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy. In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood which causes this disease to the newborn

A

hemolytic disease

186
Q

These organs are early sites of blood cell formation

A

fetal liver and spleen

187
Q

Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the

A

seventh month

188
Q

It differs from hemoglobin produced after birth

A

Fetal hemoglobin

189
Q

Results in infants in which the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough

A

Physiologic jaundice

190
Q

testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa

A

Cross matching

191
Q

In blood typing, Blood samples are mixed with

A

anti-A and anti-B serum

192
Q

indicates that the test cells are D positive

A

Agglutination

193
Q

No agglutination indicates that the test cells are

A

D negative.

194
Q

Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining

A

blood type

Anatomy Lec (18 decks)

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