Endocrine part 2 Flashcards
Found at the base of the throat and Consists of two lobes and a
connecting isthmus
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland Produces two hormones
Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Major metabolic hormone and Composed of two active
iodine-containing hormones
Thyroid hormone
two active iodine-containing hormones of the thyroid gland
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
It is secreted by thyroid follicles
Thyroxine
USe as the conversion of T4 at
target tissues
Triiodothyronine
Thyroxine is also known as
T4
Triiodothyronine is also knwon as
T3
A Thyroid hormone disorder that the Thyroid gland enlarges due
to lack of iodine
Goiters
To prevent goiters, _____ is iodized
salt
It is Caused by hyposecretion of
thyroxine. IT Results in dwarfism during childhood
Cretinism
Caused by hypothyroidism in
adults which Results in physical and
mental slugishness
Myxedema
Caused by hyperthyroidism which Results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and exophthalmos
Graves’ disease
Decreases blood calcium levels
by causing its deposition on
bone
Calcitonin
Calcitonin is Antagonistic to
parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin is Produced by
parafollicular cells
Parafollicular cells are found
between the
follicles
Tiny masses on the posterior of the
thyroid that Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid Glands
Stimulate osteoclasts to remove
calcium from bone, Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium and Raise calcium levels in the blood
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
degrade bone matrix and release
Ca2+ into blood
Osteoclasts
stimulates calcium salt
deposit in bone
Calcitonin
Sit on top of the kidneys
Adrenal Glands
Two regions of Adrenal Glands
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
outer glandular region that has three layers
Adrenal cortex
three layers of the Adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids secreting
area
Glucocorticoids secreting
area
Sex hormones secreting
area
inner neural tissue region in the adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla
A type of corticosteroids that is mainly aldosterone. It Produced in outer adrenal cortex, Regulate mineral content in blood and Regulate water and electrolyte balance
Mineralocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids is mainly
aldosterone
Target organ of Mineralocorticoids is
kidney
It helps in the Production stimulated by renin and aldosterone and Production inhibited by atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids includes
cortisone and cortisol
It is Produced in the middle layer of
the adrenal cortex. It Promote normal cell metabolism and Help resist long-term stressors
Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids Released in response to ____________ blood levels of ACTH
increased
epinephrine and norepinephrine are also known as
Catecholamines
It is Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex and Small amounts are made throughout life
Sex hormones
Sex hormones in the inner layer produces mostly _________ but it also forms estrogens
androgens
Results from hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones
Addison’s disease
It causes Bronze skin tone, muscles
are weak, burnout, susceptibility to infection
Addison’s disease
May result from an ACTH-releasing tumor which could cause Excess water and sodium are retained leading to high blood pressure and edema
Hyperaldosteronism
Results from a tumor in the
middle cortical area of the
adrenal cortex
Cushing’s syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome is also known as
“Moon face,” “buffalo hump” on the upper back,
This Adrenal cortex disorders causes high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, weakening of bones, depression
Cushing’s syndrome
Results from hypersecretion
of sex hormones. it causes Beard and male distribution of hair growth
Masculinization
Adrenal Medulla Produces two similar hormones
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine is also known as
adrenaline
Norepinephrine is also known as
noradrenaline
Norepinephrine is also known as
noradrenaline
The Adrenal Medulla hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress or the
(“fight or flight”)
fight or flight” causes the following
Increasing heart rate
blood pressure
blood glucose levels
Dilating small passageways of
lungs
a mixed gland and has both endocrine and exocrine
functions
pancreas
The pancreatic islets produce 2
hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
this hormone allows glucose to
enter the blood from alpha cells
Glucagon
allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells
Insulin
Insulin allows glucose to cross
plasma membranes into cells
from
beta cells
Glucagon allows glucose to enter the blood from
alpha cells
These hormones are antagonists
that maintain
blood sugar homeostasis
Liver takes up glucose and stores
it as
glycogen
Found on the third ventricle of the
brain that Secretes melatonin
Pineal Gland
Helps establish the body’s wake
and sleep cycles and is Believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans
melatonin
Located posterior to the sternum that Produces thymosin
Thymus Gland
Thymus Gland is largest in
infants and children
Matures some types of white
blood cells and is Important in developing the immune system
Thymus Gland
2 Gonads are
Ovaries
Testes
It Produce eggs and Produce two groups of steroid hormone
Ovaries
Ovaries Produce two groups of steroid hormones which are
Estrogens
Progesterone
This organ Produce sperm and Produce androgens, such as
testosterone
Testes
Examples of androgens is
testosterone
Stimulate the development of
secondary female characteristics
and Mature female reproductive
organs
Estrogens
With _________________, estrogens also Promote breast development
and Regulate menstrual cycle
progesterone
Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle, Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus, Helps prepare breasts for lactation
Progesterone
the most important androgen and is Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
Promotes growth and maturation
of male reproductive system and is Required for sperm cell production
Testosterone
The Endocrine Function of the _________, it Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy and Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby
Placenta
Placenta in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other
hormones
Produces human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)
brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries
Menopause
Problems associated with
reduced ___________ are common
estrogen
_______ _________ production declines with age
Growth hormone
Hormones that are produced from other organs than the major organs
Prostaglandins
Gastrin
Intestinal Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Erythropoietin
Active vitamin D3
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ANP
Leptin
Resistin
It’s one of the hormones from other organs that their chemical composition is derived from fatty acid molecules
Prostaglandins
The source for Prostaglandins are from the
Plasma Membrane of all body cells
Prostaglandins can increase BP by acting as a
vasoconstrictors
This hormone can cause constriction of respiratory passageways, stimulate muscle in the uterus, promoting labor, enhance blood clotting
Prostaglandins
This hormone promotes inflammation and pain, causes fever and increase output of digestive secretions by the stomach
Prostaglandins
This peptide hormone is secreted by the stomach wherein it stimulate glands to release HCl in the stomach
Gastrin
A peptide hormone that is secreted by the duodenum of small intestine and it inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion and gastrointestinal tract mobility
Intestinal gastrin
Another peptide hormone which is secreted by the duodenum. It’s target organs are the pancreas liver and stomach
secretin
One of secret in stargate organs is the pancreas. its purpose is to stimulate _____________ release of juice
Bicarbonate-rich
The stimulus for secretion of intestinal gastrin is food specifically
fats
Secretin increases release of _____ in the liver
bile
When secretin target organ is the stomach it reduces
Secretions
This glycoprotein hormone, which is secreted by the kidney, stimulates production of red blood cells in the bone marrow
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin chemical composition is a ___________ hormone
Glycoprotein
erythropoietin stimulus for secretion is
Hypoxia
A steroid hormone, which is secreted by the kidneys, stimulates active transport of dietary calcium across intestinal cell membranes in the intestine
Active vitamin d3
Active vitamin d3 is secreted by the kidneys which activates _________ __ made by the epidermal cells
Provitamin D
A a peptide hormone, which is secreted by the heart, inhibits sodium ion reabsorption and renin release in the kidneys and inhibits secretion of aldosterone thereby decreasing blood volume and blood pressure in the adrenal cortex
Atrial natriuretic peptide anp
A peptide hormone which comes from the adipose tissue and it suppresses appetite and increased energy expenditure in the brain
Leptin
Leptin stimulus for secretion is
Fatty foods
This peptide hormone is also from the adipose tissue which antagonizes insulin action on diverse cells in the fat, muscle and liver
Resistin
A peptide hormone which is from the duodenum it stimulates release of enzyme which juices from the pancreas and it also stimulate explosion of stored bile in the gallbladder
Cholecystokinin CCK
One of CHOLECYSTOKININ’S (CCK) target organs is __________ ________ which causes sphincter to relax allowing bile and pancreatic juice to enter duodenum
Duodenal papilla
