Skeletal System

Question 1

Skeletal System

Answer 1

Has 3 main functions: movement, protection, and storage of minerals

Question 2

Structure and Function of the Skeletal System

Answer 2

Skeletal System is the scaffold which muscles pull for movement. It provides protection for organs. Ex: Brain is protected by the skull. Bones also provide support and shape for the body. Synthesize blood, immune cells, calcium storage, phosphate, and lipids.

Question 3

Four Types of Bones

Answer 3

Long, Short, Flat and Irregular bones.

Question 4

Long Bones

Answer 4

Bones that have pronounced longitudinal axis. Have longer lengths than widths. Make up for most of the bones in the arms and legs. Marrow in a long bone is called “yellow marrow” and stores lipids and fats. Red bone marrow is found at the ends of long bones, the site of blood cell production (RBC’s,WBC’s, and platelets). Ends of long bones have growth plates, where bone lengthens when it is growing.

Question 5

Short Bones

Answer 5

Have the same length and width, such as those found in the wrist and ankle. Are square bones. They have limited articulation with each other as gliding joints.

Question 6

Flat bones

Answer 6

Are thin and flat and are used to protect vital organs. Thin bones that have a plate-like shape, such as bones of the cranium. Ex: Ribs are flat bones that protect the heart and lungs. Also contain red bone marrow and produce blood cells.

Question 7

Irregular Bones

Answer 7

Do not fit into the other bone categories: flat bone, long bone, short bone. Ex: hip bones, and vertebrae.

Question 8

Joints

Answer 8

Places where bones meet other bones in the skeletal system. Some joints are movable like ball-and-socket joint of hips and shoulders. Some are immovable because bones are fused together. Ex: skull bones.

Question 9

Ligaments

Answer 9

Bones are attached to other bones by ligaments. A tough connective tissue that attaches bone to bone. Ex: Hyoid bone supports the tongue, only bone not connected to other bones and held together by supra and infrahyoid muscles.

Question 10

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 10

Articulating surfaces of bones are covered in Hyaline Cartilage, which prevents grinding against each other. The kind of connective tissue that protects bone in articulating joints.

Question 11

Synovial joints

Answer 11

Have lubricating synovial fluid and are capable of movement, such as pivot ball and socket joints.

Question 12

Hinge joints

Answer 12

A joint that allows for flexion and extension of the more distal bone along only one plane. Contains synovial fluid and are capable of movement.

Question 13

Osteons

Answer 13

Bone is synthesized in tubular structures that make up compact bone. Composed of calcium and phosphate-rich hydroxyapatite embedded in a collage matrix. Also called, “Haversian systems.” Include matrix that forms in a concentric ring of osteocytes in the matirx called “lacunae.” Contains blood vessels, nerves, periosteum.

Question 14

Compact Bone

Answer 14

Bone containing densely packed osteons that make up the peripheral layer of bone.

Question 15

Osteocytes

Answer 15

Osteocytes are star shaped cells that maintain bone and are able to sense physical stresses. Found in the osteon.

Question 16

Lacunae

Answer 16

Microscopic pits in bones that contain osteocytes and connect to each other within an osteon by way of canaliculi.

Question 17

Periosteum

Answer 17

Bone is covered by a fibrous sheath called periosteum. Is the surface for attachment of tendons and ligaments.

Question 18

Growth plate

Answer 18

Hyaline cartilage in long bones where bone elongation happens. Also known as the epiphyseal plate . Happens at the end of long bones

Question 19

Ball and Socket joints

Answer 19

Point of articulation that allows for abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation. Found in hips and shoulders.

Question 20

Immovable

Answer 20

Joints, such as plates between skull, that do not allow motion.

Question 21

2 Main types of bone cells

Answer 21

Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts.

Question 22

Osteoblasts

Answer 22

Are star-shaped cells that maintain bone and are able to sense physical stresses. Their long projections connect to each other through the canaliculi of bones. They replace cartilage and secrete mineral deposits that form the matrix, the nonliving substance of bone. Osteoblasts also develop into osteocytes, which strengthen bone tissue and carry out metabolic functions.

Question 23

Osteoclasts

Answer 23

Cells that remove bone. Break down bone minerals of the matrix.The building up and breaking down of bone is important in strengthening bones. Osteoporosis can develop if osteoclasts break down bone faster than osteoblasts deposit minerals, the bones become weak and brittle. Excessive withdraw of minerals from bone.

Question 24

Arthritis

Answer 24

Damages the cartilage that articulates between joints.

Question 25

Brittle Bone Disease (Osteogenesis Imperfecta)

Answer 25

A group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones. Results from a genetic defect in the collagen matrix.Gene that codes for a collagen needs to form matrix of the bone is missing, causes bone to break easily.

Question 26

The Skeletal System and Muscular System

Answer 26

Skeletal Muscles of the muscular system and bones work together. Skeletal Muscles attach to bones and they communicate with the Central Nervous System. Signal to contract moves the muscle to contract and moving the bone. Muscles connect to bones with tendons( made of connective tissue). Ex: Triceps and Biceps muscles control the movement of the elbow.

Question 27

Contraction of a Muscle

Answer 27

Muscles work in tandem. As one pair relaxes the other contracts. Contracting muscle is called the “prime mover” and relaxed muscle is called the “antagonist.” Tricep and bicep control movement of the elbow. When Tricep contracts Biceps relax. Opposite happens Triceps relax and Biceps contract.