Life & Physical Sciences Flashcards
Biological Hierarchy of the Body
Biological Hierarchy is a way to organize structures into living things from most basic components to most complex. Chemicals build cells like Macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids). Cells are fundamental unit of life, (epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular). Tissues join to form organs. Organs work together in an organ system. Organ system allow organisms to function.
Macromolecules
Large molecules and chemicals that are important to living things. Four major types are: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose.
Proteins
Molecules composed of amino acids joined by a peptide bond.
Nucleic Acids
Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA.
Chemicals
Build cells. Ex: Macromolecules are large chemicals that are important to living things (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
Cell
Fundamental unit of life. All functions of life take place here. Over 250 types of cells in the human body.
Tissues
Cells share functions from larger collective group called Tissues. 4 basic types of tissues: epithelial, connective tissue, nervous, muscular.
Organs
Tissues of different types join to form organs, which carry out a single task. Ex: Lungs are an organ whose task is to deliver oxygen to the blood stream.
Organ System
Organs work together in an organ system that performs coordinated, large scale functions. Ex: Nervous system works with the nerves and brain to collect and process information. Nervous system also works with the muscular system to coordinate movement. Coordinated organ systems allow an organism to function.
Cell Structure and Function
Cell is the building block of all living organisms. Basic parts are: nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles are found in the cytoplasm. Each organelle performs a specific function. Organelles very depending on cell type. They coordinate with other organelles to perform cell’s basic function. Ex: energy processing, waste excretion, or protein synthesis.
Cell Plasma Membrane
Maintains cells environment through selective permeability. A membrane that surrounds the cell and maintains its internal environment through the property of selective permeability.
Cytoplasm
The material within a eukaryotic cell and maintains its internal environment through the property of selective permeability. Supports and suspends structures inside the cell membrane, transfers materials required for cellular processes.
Golgi Apparatus
A cell organelle that processes proteins and lipid molecules.
Lysosome
Aids in digestion and recycling of old cell materials, may help destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
Mitochondrion
The site of energy production in a cell. Generates chemical energy in the form of ATP molecules.
Nucleus
A large organelle within a cell that houses the chromosomes and regulates the activities of the cell. Holds genes that carry hereditary information. Nucleolus assembles RNA and proteins into ribosomes.
Ribosome
A protein-RNA complex that is the site of protein synthesis (many are found on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ( although some can be free floating in the cytoplasm).
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell organelle containing ribosomes that synthesizes and process proteins in the cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell organelle that synthesizes and concentrates lipids in the cell; does not contain ribosomes. Inactivates toxins and harmful metabolic products.
Vacuole
Serves as storage for a variety of elements, such as water, toxins, and carbohydrates.
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis, cells duplicate for tissues growth and repair. One cell produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis the germ cell divides in 2 fissions producing 4 gametes or sex cells. Half genetic information of the original germ cells.
Mitosis
Cell division in eukaryotes that produces 2 daughter cells., each with the same number as the parent cell. Cells duplicate for growth and repair. Include: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Mitosis : Interphase
Stage in mitosis or meiosis in which DNA replicates.
Mitosis: Prophase
Condense and visible chromosomes appear. Condense in preparation for being pulled apart.
Mitosis: Metaphase
Chromosomes line up
Mitosis: Anaphase
Chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles and cell division begins.
Meiosis
Specialized cell division used to create haploid gametes in diploid organisms. Nucleus of a germ cell divides, divides into 2 fissions producing 4 gametes or sex cells. Each sex cell has half the genetic information of the original germ cell and supplies half genetic info for sexual reproduction.
Mitosis: Telophase
Two nuclei form and the daughter cells seperate.
Gamete
Sex cell; in males the sperm, in females the eggs (ova).
Meiosis I Prophase I
Homologous chromosomes pair and cross over. Condense and form homologous pairs.
Meiosis I Prophase I
Meiosis I Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes align. Line up in pairs.
Meiosis I Anaphase I
One chromosome from each homologous pair is pulled towards each pole. Moves to opposite end of the cell.
Meiosis I Telophase I
Nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into two. Cell separates into 2 haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of 2 sister chromatids.
Meiosis II Prophase II
Daughter cells contain half the chromosomes of the original cell.
Meiosis II Metaphase II
Individual Chromosomes align
Meisosis II Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cells.
Meiosis II Telophase II
Nuclear membranes form as 2 daughter cells separate into four haploid cells. Consisting of a single chromatid each.
