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TEAS Reading Flashcards > Science Key Terms 1 > Flashcards

Science Key Terms 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Acid

A

A substance with a pH less than 7

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2
Q

Activation Energy

A

The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

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3
Q

Active Immunity

A

Protection against a specific pathogen resulting from the production of antibodies in response to the presence of specific antigens.

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4
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement across a cell membrane that travels against the concentration gradient and thus requires energy. From areas of low to high concentrations.

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5
Q

Adaptive Defense

A

A specific response by the immune system to a given pathogen.

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6
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

A kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body.

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7
Q

Adhesiveness

A

A measure of how well dissimilar particles or surfaces cling to one another.

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8
Q

Adrenal

A

A gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions.

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9
Q

Aldosterone

A

A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that increases the reabsorption of sodium ions.

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10
Q

Allele

A

A specific copy of a gene

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11
Q

Allergies

A

An immune response to a foreign agent that is not a pathogen.

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12
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place.

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13
Q

Amino Acids

A

The monomers that make proteins

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

The stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.

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15
Q

Anaphase I

A

The stage of meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.

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16
Q

Anaphase II

A

The stage of Meiosis II in which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.

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17
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Standard positioning of the body as standing,, feet together, arms to the side, with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward.

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18
Q

Angiotensin II

A

A secretion that acts to restore blood volume and blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, stimulating thirst, and stimulating production of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.

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19
Q

anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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20
Q

Antagonist

A

The relaxed muscle in the pair of muscles that is involved in a given movement.

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21
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity

A

A defense that employs B cells to create antibodies that tag pathogens for later destruction. Also known as humoral immunity.

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22
Q

antibody

A

A blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen

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23
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

A secretion from the pituitary gland that increases the amount of water able to be reabsorbed form a collecting duct.

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24
Q

antigen-presenting cell

A

A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocampitability complexes on their surfaces.

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25
Q

antigens

A

Substances on their surfaces of agents that act to identify them, to the body, as being native or foreign.

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26
Q

antimicrobial

A

A substance that kills or inhibits growth or microorganisms with minimal damage to the host.

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27
Q

anus

A

The opening of the rectum, which solid waste is expelled.

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28
Q

apocrine sweat gland

A

Accessory structures of the dermis that are in physical association with hair follicles, producing secretion with an odor (possibly a sex pheromone to humans).

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29
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

The portion of the skeleton made up of our appendages-the bones of our arms, legs, hands, and feet.

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30
Q

Arteries

V

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart toward other body parts.

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31
Q

Asthma

A

A lung disease characterized by inflamed narrowed airways and difficulty breathing.

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32
Q

Atom

A

The fundamental constituent of matter that retains the properties of an element. It is the smallest unit that has a unique identity.

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33
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element.

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34
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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35
Q

autoimmune disease

A

A pathology that results from the immune system mistaking part of the body as a pathogen.

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36
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate.

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37
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

The portion of the skeleton consisting of the skull, ribs, sternum,and spinal column.

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38
Q

Axon

A

A nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body.

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39
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular organisms that are capable of causing disease

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40
Q

B cells

A

Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens.

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41
Q

ball and socket joints

A

Point of articulation thtat allows for abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation. The hip or shoulder socket is one example of a ball and socket joint.

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42
Q

Base

A

A substance with a pH greater than 7

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43
Q

Bolus

A

A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed.

44
Q

Bone marrow

A

A soft material within spongey bone and medullary cavity of long bones.

45
Q

Bone

A

Hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton.

46
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

A cup-like structure that surrounds and collects filtrate from the glomerulus.

47
Q

Brittle Bone Disease

A

A group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones.

48
Q

Bronchi

A

The main passageways directly attached to the lungs.

49
Q

Bronchioles

A

Small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli

50
Q

Buffer

A

A solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Buffers maintain the proper pH of the body.

51
Q

Canaliculi

A

Microscopic canals in ossified bone

52
Q

Capillaries

A

Small vessels that connect smaller arteries, called arterioles, to smaller veins called venules, and carry out gas exchange.

53
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose.

54
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary muscle found in the heart

55
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

The system comprised of the heart and blood vessels

56
Q

Cartilage

A

Tough, flexible connective tissue found in parts of the body as the ear.

57
Q

catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

58
Q

cation

A

A positively charged ion

59
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

A type of adaptive immunity in which T lymphocytes attack parasitic worms, cancer cells, transplanted tissues or cells containing pathogens. Does not involve antibodies,but cytotoxic t cells and cytokines.

60
Q

Cell (plasma) membrane

A

A cell organelle that maintains its environment through the property of selective permeability.

61
Q

cells

A

The basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created.

62
Q

Cellular functions

A

Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement.

63
Q

central nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord and acts as the command center for all communication and actions of the body.

64
Q

ceruminous glands

A

Accessory structures that produce ear wax. Only found in the dermis of the ear canal.

65
Q

cervix

A

The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus.

66
Q

chemical equation

A

Mathematical representation of a chemical reaction

67
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle.

68
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA that contains genetic information.

69
Q

Chyme

A

The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine.

70
Q

Codons

A

Triplets of nucleotides that code for amino acids. There are a total of 64 codons.Nucleotides make up codons: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine and Uracil (Thymine is replaced by Uracil inRNA).

71
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of similar molecules to stick to each other or group together.

72
Q

Collagen

A

The primary structural protein of connective tissue.

73
Q

Commensal microorganisms

A

Microscopic organisms that live in or on the human body without causing it harm.

74
Q

compact (dense) bone

A

Bone containing densely packed osteons that make up the peripheral layer of the bone.

75
Q

complementary strand

A

A molecule of RNA (or a strand of DNA) synthesized from a complementary template strand.

76
Q

compound

A

A substance made up of two or more elements

77
Q

concentration of a solution

A

The quantity of solute in a given quantity of solution

78
Q

Contraction

A

The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in a muscle

79
Q

Controlled variable

A

The condition that is kept the same in an experiment.

80
Q

covalent bond

A

A chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between atoms

81
Q

Cutaneous vasoconstriction

A

A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels in the dermis that reduces blood flow through the skin.

81
Q

Cutaneous vasodilation

A

An increase in the diameter of blood vessels in the dermis that increases blood flow through the skin.

82
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

A genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections.

83
Q

cytokines

A

Cell signaling molecules released primarily by helper T-cells and macrophages. Certain cytokines activate cytotoxic T-cells.

84
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The material within a eukaryotic cell that supports and suspends structures inside the cell membrane and transfers materials required for cellular processes.

85
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

The category of lymphocyte that attacks foreign cells.

86
Q

dehydration reaction

A

A chemical reaction between two molecules in which a water molecule is released and covalent bond forms, often requires input of energy, polymers are built as a result of this reaction.

87
Q

dendrite

A

A nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse towards the neuron cell body.

88
Q

dendritic cells

A

Antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T cells.

89
Q

density

A

The ratio of mass to volume

90
Q

Deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA)

A

The material that contains genetic information and is responsible for directing protein synthesis in living organisms.

91
Q

Deoxyribose sugar

A

The sugar portion of a deoxyribose nucleotide

92
Q

dermis

A

the middle layer of the skin

93
Q

diabetes

A

Pathologically high blood sugar levels that result from a pancreatic hormone regulation malfunction.

94
Q

diastole

A

The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood.

95
Q

diffusion

A

The passive movemement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

96
Q

dihybrid cross

A

A cross between heterozygous parents at two specific genes for two different traits.

96
Q

dilution

A

The addition of solvent to decrease the concentration of solute in a solution.

97
Q

directional terminology

A

Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements( distal, posterior, medial, etc).

98
Q

disease

A

A condition that deteriorates the normal functioning of cells, tissues, and/or organs.

99
Q

diuretic

A

Any substance that causes water to be lost from the body through urination.

100
Q

dominant

A

Refers to the most powerful trait or the allele for that trait.

101
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

Accessory structures originating throughout the dermis of the human body that secrete sweat, used primarily for regulation of body temperature.

102
Q

electron

A

A negatively charged atomic particle.

103
Q

electron microscope

A

A magnification instrument that forms an image using a beam of electrons that travel at high speeds and form a wavelike pattern.

104
Q

Element

A

Pure substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances.

104
Q

empirical evidence

A

Evidence generated through experimentation

TEAS Reading Flashcards (37 decks)

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