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TEAS Reading Flashcards > Science Key Terms 2 > Flashcards

Science Key Terms 2 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine gland

A

A gland that secretes hormones. A duct-less gland.

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2
Q

endothermic

A

Involving the absorption of heat

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3
Q

enzymatic digestion

A

The breakdown of food by enzymes for absorption.

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4
Q

enzyme

A

A substance produced by a living thing that acts as a catalyst. A catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering cell activation energy, most enzymes are proteins.

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5
Q

epidermis

A

The outer layer of the skin

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6
Q

epinephrine

A

A polar, water-soluble hormone released by adrenals in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.

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7
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

Hyaline cartilage in long bones where bone elongation happens. Also known as the growth plate.

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8
Q

equillibrium

A

The stage of a chemical reaction in which both reactants and products are present, and their concentrations no longer change.

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9
Q

equillibrium

A

The stage of a chemical reaction in which both reactants and products are present and their concentrations no longer change.

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10
Q

estrogen

A

A female sex hormone released by ovaries

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11
Q

excretion

A

Elimination of metabolic waste from the body.

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12
Q

exocrine glands

A

A gland that produces secretions having an extracellular effect, such as chemical digestion. These secretions leave the gland by way of a duct: salivary glands, mammary glands, sweat glands, etct.

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13
Q

exothermic

A

Involving release of heat

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14
Q

fallopian tubes

A

Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.

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15
Q

fatty acid

A

A molecule composed of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group on one end.

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16
Q

fertilization

A

or (conception). The fusion of the egg and sperm.

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17
Q

filtrate

A

Materials, including water, that leave the blood through the walls of the glomerular capillaries to enter the Bowman’s capsule.

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18
Q

flat bones

A

Thin bones that have plate-like shape, such as bones of the cranium

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19
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates development of eggs in ovaries and sperm in testes.

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20
Q

follicle

A

Saclike structure that contains and allows for maturation of the female ovum (egg) within the ovary.

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21
Q

fungi

A

Eukaryotic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment (decomposers) through symbiotic relationships with plants or harmful relationships with a host.

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22
Q

gall bladder

A

The organ that stores bile

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23
Q

gamete

A

Sex cell, in males the sperm, in females the eggs (ova).

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24
Q

gene

A

A sequence of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity.

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25
Q

genetic code

A

The set of 64 codons that specify the 20 amino acids.

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26
Q

genome

A

The complete set of genetic information in a cell.

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27
Q

genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual

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28
Q

gigantism

A

Excessive growth resulting from overproduction of growth hormone.

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29
Q

gland

A

An organ that secretes a substance

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30
Q

glomerulus

A

A network of capillaries from which blood pressure pushes water, salt, glucose, amino acids, and urea from the blood.

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31
Q

glucagon

A

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates its target cells in the liver to convert hepatic glycogen stores into glucose and release that glucose into the blood.

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32
Q

glycerol

A

A sugar compound that serves as the backbone for triglycerides and phospholipids.

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33
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A cell organelle that processes proteins and lipid molecules.

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34
Q

gonad

A

Reproductive organ that produces gametes in males the testes, in females ovaries. Also produces hormones like estrogen, testosterone, and progestrone.

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35
Q

graduated cylinder

A

A narrow cylinder used to measure liquid volume

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36
Q

gram

A

Metric unit of mass

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37
Q

group

A

A column of elements in the periodic table

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38
Q

growth hormone

A

A secretion of the anterior pituitary that stimulates tissue growth. Also known as somatotropin.

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39
Q

hair follicles

A

Tubes arising from the dermis surrounded by invaginations of epithelial tissue, from which hair growth occurs.

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40
Q

Haversian Canal

A

Channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves. Also called the central canal.

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41
Q

heart

A

Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

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42
Q

helper T cell

A

A type of lymphocyte that secretes interleukins, a protein that triggers the action of other cells, including the attack of foreign cells by the cytotoxic T cell.

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43
Q

hemoglobin

A

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

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44
Q

heterozygous

A

The state of carrying different alleles of a gene. Ex: Aa

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45
Q

hinge joint

A

A joint that allows for flexion and extenstion of the more distal bone along only one plane. Ex: knees, elbows, toes, and ankles. Joints allow for bending and straightening movements.

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46
Q

histamine

A

A white blood cells secretion that triggers capillary permability and vasodilation.

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47
Q

homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment.

48
Q

homozygous

A

The state of carrying a pair of identical alleles of a gene. Ex: AA or aa.

49
Q

hormone

A

A chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body.

50
Q

host

A

A larger organisms on whose body a parasite lives.

51
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

The kind of connective tissue that protects bone in articulating joints.

52
Q

hydrogen bond

A

A type of non-covalent bond; a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom bound to an electronegative atom and a second highly electronegative atom.

53
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which a water molecule cleaves a covalent bond to form two products; monomeric subunits of polymers are cleaved from a polymer by this reaction.Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse of condensation reactions. In a hydrolysis reaction, a larger molecule forms two (or more) smaller molecules and water is consumed as a reactant. Hydrolysis (“hydro” = water and “lysis” = break) involves adding water to one large molecule to break it into multiple smaller molecules.

54
Q

hydrophilic

A

Water loving

55
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing

56
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

A malfunction of regulatory feedback loops leading to the overproduction of thyroid hormone.

57
Q

hypodermis

A

The deepest layer of the skin

58
Q

hypothalamus

A

A location in the brain that integrates the endocrine and nervous systems.

59
Q

hypothesis

A

An informed guess about a causal relationship that is generated by observation and initial data collection.

60
Q

immovable

A

Joints such as those between the plates of the skull, that do not allow motion.

61
Q

immune system

A

A system that protects the body from disease-causing agents known as pathogens by responding to substances on the surfaces of agents that the body perceives as foreign.

62
Q

immunoglobulin

A

An antibody

63
Q

independent variable

A

The condition that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.

64
Q

infectious/communicable diseases

A

Diseases that spread from one person to another.

65
Q

inflammation

A

The resulting redness, swelling, heat and pain in an area of defense by innate immunity.

66
Q

inheritance

A

Transmission of characteristics to offspring.

67
Q

inhibiting hormones

A

Chemical messengers that restrict the production of certain hormones.

68
Q

innate defense

A

A nonspecific response to pathogens by immune system.a generalized defense mechanism that acts against a wide range of pathogens without targeting any specific one, essentially providing a first line of defense against infection;

69
Q

innate immune system

A

A collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens.

70
Q

insulin

A

A hormone that triggers the influx of glucose into cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels.

71
Q

integumentary system

A

An organ system comprised of skin and its associated organs.

72
Q

interferons

A

Proteins secreted by leukocytes when they are infected with viruses.

73
Q

Interferons

A

Proteins secreted by leukocytes when they are infected with viruses. Proteins that help the body’s immune system fight infection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. They are a type of cytokine, which is a signaling molecule.

74
Q

Interphase

A

The stage of mitosis or meiosis in which DNA replicates.

75
Q

involuntary

A

without intentional control

76
Q

ion

A

A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule.

77
Q

ionic bond

A

The bond between two oppositely charged ions.

78
Q

irregular bones

A

Bones that do not fit into the three bone shape categories: flat bone, long bone, short bone.

79
Q

isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons.

80
Q

joints

A

Places in the skeletal system where bones meet other bones. Some joints are movable, and some are immovable because the bones are fused together ( skull bones).

81
Q

Keratin

A

A tough protein made by epithelial keratinocytes.

82
Q

Kidneys

A

The pair of organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood.

83
Q

Kinetic Molecular Theory

A

A theory stating that molecules that make up all matter are in constant motion, and the temperature of a substance is directly proportional to average kinetic energy of its molecules.
Temp= constant motion of molecules

84
Q

lacunae

A

Microscopic pits in bones that contain osteocytes and connect to each other within an osteon by way of canaliculi.

85
Q

Lamellae

A

Layers of bone, tissue, or cell walls.

86
Q

large intestine

A

Comprised of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal, it is where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination.

87
Q

le Chatelier’s principle

A

A principle stating that when a chemical reaction at equilibrium is perturbed, it responds by proceeding in a direction that will restore the equilibrium.

88
Q

Length

A

Measurement of distance from end to end

89
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cells, which protect the body against disease.

90
Q

ligaments

A

A tough connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

91
Q

lipase

A

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fat

92
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water

93
Q

liter

A

Measurement of liquid volume

94
Q

liver

A

The organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions

95
Q

Long Bones

A

Bones that have a pronounced longitudinal axis

96
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that is responsible for triggering ovulation in ovaries and the production testosterone by testes.

97
Q

Lymph

A

Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease

98
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A category of white blood cells that includes natural killer cells, B-cells, helper T-cells, and cytotoxic T-cells

99
Q

Lysosome

A

A cell organelle that aids in digestion and recycling of old cell materials

100
Q

Macromolecules

A

Very large molecules, four major types of which are important to living things: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

101
Q

macrophage

A

A large white blood cell that ingests foreign material

102
Q

Mass

A

A measurement of inertia, commonly considered the amount of material contained by an object and causing it to have weight in a gravitational field

103
Q

mediastinum

A

The area between two lungs

104
Q

meiosis

A

Specialized cell division used to create haploid gametes in diploid organisms

105
Q

memory cell

A

A lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reintroduction

106
Q

Mendelian inheritance

A

Inheritance of traits that follow Gregor Mendel’s two laws and principle of dominance. Also known as mendelism

107
Q

metal

A

A substance that is a good conductor of electricity and heat, forms cations by loss of electrons, and yields basic oxides and hydroxides

108
Q

metaphase

A

The stage of mitosis in which chromosomes align

109
Q

metaphase I

A

The stage of meiosis I in which pairs of homologous chromosomes align

110
Q

metaphase II

A

The stage in meiosis II in which individual chromosomes align

111
Q

microbes/microorganisms

A

Organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye and may be classified as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa (including algae), or animals.

112
Q

mineral resorption

A

The osteoclasts removal of calcium from bone so it can enter the bloodstream.

113
Q

mineralization

A

Deposition of hydroxyapatite onto the highly organized collagen matrix in bone

114
Q

mitochondrion

A

The site of energy production in a cell

115
Q

mitosis

A

Cell division in eukaryotes that produces two daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell

TEAS Reading Flashcards (37 decks)

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