Skeletal Joints Flashcards by Daniel Lim

Joints

point where two bones meet

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What is Arthology the study of?

Study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

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What is the study of biomechanics?

study of movements and mechanics of the body

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What is Kinesiology the study of?

study of musculoskeletal movement

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What is the functional classification of joints?

The amount of movement allowed at the joint itself

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Classifcation of Joints

Synarthroses Joints

Fibrous immovable joints (ex. most fibrous joints)

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Amphiarthroses Joints

Slightly moveable joints
(Ex. public symphysis)

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Diarthroses Joints

Freely moving joints
(Ball and socket joints)

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What are Fibrous joints and name the 3 types

Fibrous joints are collagen fibers that bind adjacent bones (little to no movement)

Sutures
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses

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What joints are sutures?

Immoblie or slightly movable joints of skulls

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Fibrous Joints

3 Classifications of Suture joints

Serrate: interlocked
Lap: overlapped
Plane: straight, nonoverlapped

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Fibrous Joints

Gomphoses joints

Tooth to socket joint
Held in place by ligament

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Fibrous Joints

Syndesmoses joints

Long collagen fibers binding two bones
(Ex. Ulna-radius and tibia-fibula)

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Fibrous Joints

Cartilaginous Joints

Amphiarthrosis or amphiarthrodial joints

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Bony joints aka Synostosis Joints

Two bones fused into one bone by osseous tissue
(ex. frontal bones and mandible)

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What are Synovial Joints?

Diarthrosis or diathrodial joints

Varied mobility: freely movable to limited mobility

Most structurally complex and most likely to develop dysfunctions

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General Anatomy of Synovial Joints

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General Anatomy of Synovial Joints

Articular Cartilage

covers faces of bones
made up of hyaline cartilage

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General Anatomy of Synovial Joints

Joint Capsule

Encloses joint cavity with narrow fluid-filled space
Outer fibrous capsule
Has inner-synovial membrane (produces synovial fluid)

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General Anatomy of Synovial Joints

Bursa

sac of synovial fluid
between adjacent muscles, bone, and skin, or tendons passing over bone
cushions muscles and helps tendons slide over joints

Tendon shealth - elongated bursa

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General Anatomy of Synovial Joints

Meniscus

C-shaped pad of cartilage in the knee that acts as a shock absorber

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Classes of Synovial Joints

Ball and Socket Joint

Multiaxial joint

Head of the bone is a ball and attaches to a “cup-like” joint socket of another bone
(ex. shoulder)

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Classes of Synovial Joints

Plane (glinding)

Biaxial joint
Between flat surfaces or surfaces that are only slightly concave and convex
(ex. Intercarpals and intertarsals)

Classes of Synovial Joints

Condylar

Biaxial joint
Oval convex that fits into a complementary shaped depression

(Ex. wrist joints and metacarpophalangeal joints)

# Classes of Synovial Joints Saddle

Biaxial modifed condylar, articulated by two surfaces that are both saddle shaped Joints that are concave in one direction and convex in the other (ex. metacarpal joint of the thumb)

# Classes of Synovial Joints Hinge

Monoaxial joint Rounded processes of one bone that fits into a concave surface into another bone, giving monoaxial movement (ex. humerus attaching to the ulna or the knee joint)

# Classes of Synovial Joints Pivot

Monoaxial joint Rounded surface on one bone that articulates with a depression in another bone (permits rotation) (ex. radius joint of the antebrachial)

Name the six types of Synovial Joints

# Movements Flexion and extension

Felxion Decreases joint angle Extension straightens joint angle

# Movements Abduction and Adduction

Abduction is movement away from the midline Adduction is movement towards the midline

# Movements Elevation and Depression

Elevation is raising a body part Depression is lowering a body part

# Movements Protraction and Retraction

Protraction is anterior movement Retraction is posterior movement

# Movements Circumduction

distal end of limb makes circle while proximal end is stationary

# Movements External and Medial Rotations

External Rotations: anterior surface spins away from the midline Medial Rotations: anterior surface spins towards midline

# Movements Supination

Palms face anteriorly Radius and Ulna become parallel

# Movements Pronation

Palms face posteriorly Radius crosses the ulna

# Movements What are the 3 movements of the trunk?

- Flexion - Hyperextension - Lateral Flexion

# Movements What are the 4 movements of the mandible?

- Protraction - Retraction - Lateral Excursion - Medial Excursion

# Movements What is hyperextension?

Joints that are extented beyond zero position

# Movements Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion

Dorsiflexion: foot elevates at ankle Plantar flexion: foot points down at ankle

# Movements Inversion Eversion

Inversion: soles face medially Eversion: soles face laterally

# Movements What are the 6 movements of the hand and wrist?

- Radial flexion - Ulnar flexion - Abduction of fingers Thumb movements: - Palmar abduction of thumb - Opposition of thumb - Reposition of thumb (back to zero position)

What are the factors that determine ROM

- Structure of articular surfaces - Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules - Actions of muscles and tendons

What is the Temporomandiular Joint?

Condyle of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of temporal bone There are 3 ligaments and an articular disk (meniscus)

What is the shoulder joint called? What are the 3 ligaments that support the joint?

Glenohumeral joint 3 ligaments: - Transverse humeral ligament - Glenohumeral ligament - Coracohumeral ligament

Anatomy of the Glenohumeral joint

Formed by the head of the humerus and the scapular glenoid cavity Glenoid labrum: ring of fibrocartilage

What are the 2 articulation of the elbow joint?

Humeroulnar and humeroradial articulation

Features of the Elbow joint

Functions as a hinge Stablized by radial collateral and ulnar collateral joints (restrict side to side movement)

What is the coxal joint?

The hip joint Ball and socket joint Formed by the femur head and the acetabulum of the os coxae

Features of the Coxal Joint

Acetabular labrum: fibrocartilage that deepens socket Transverse Acetabular ligament: bridges the gap in between the inferior margin and the acetabular labrum 4 ligaments: - lliofemoral: ligament attaching the ilium and femur - Pubofemoral: attaches pubic bone to femur - Ischiofemoral - Round ligament

What is the tibiofemoral joint?

The knee joint functions as a hinge

Features of the Tibiofemoral Joint

Has lateral and medial menisci for padding Formed by 3 joints Ligaments: - Fibular collateral and tibial collateral - Anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate

What is the Talocrural Joint?

The Ankle Joint

What is the function of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament? (PCL)

To prevent the tibia from being displaced backward

What is the function of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament? (ACL)

Prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur and provides rotational stability to the knee