Skeletal Joints Flashcards
Joints
point where two bones meet
What is Arthology the study of?
Study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction
What is the study of biomechanics?
study of movements and mechanics of the body
What is Kinesiology the study of?
study of musculoskeletal movement
What is the functional classification of joints?
The amount of movement allowed at the joint itself
Classifcation of Joints
Synarthroses Joints
Fibrous immovable joints (ex. most fibrous joints)
Amphiarthroses Joints
Slightly moveable joints
(Ex. public symphysis)
Diarthroses Joints
Freely moving joints
(Ball and socket joints)
What are Fibrous joints and name the 3 types
Fibrous joints are collagen fibers that bind adjacent bones (little to no movement)
Sutures
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses
What joints are sutures?
Immoblie or slightly movable joints of skulls
Fibrous Joints
3 Classifications of Suture joints
- Serrate: interlocked
- Lap: overlapped
- Plane: straight, nonoverlapped
Fibrous Joints
Gomphoses joints
- Tooth to socket joint
- Held in place by ligament
Fibrous Joints
Syndesmoses joints
Long collagen fibers binding two bones
(Ex. Ulna-radius and tibia-fibula)
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Amphiarthrosis or amphiarthrodial joints
Bony joints aka Synostosis Joints
Two bones fused into one bone by osseous tissue
(ex. frontal bones and mandible)
What are Synovial Joints?
Diarthrosis or diathrodial joints
Varied mobility: freely movable to limited mobility
Most structurally complex and most likely to develop dysfunctions
General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
Articular Cartilage
- covers faces of bones
- made up of hyaline cartilage
General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
Joint Capsule
- Encloses joint cavity with narrow fluid-filled space
- Outer fibrous capsule
- Has inner-synovial membrane (produces synovial fluid)
General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
Bursa
- sac of synovial fluid
- between adjacent muscles, bone, and skin, or tendons passing over bone
- cushions muscles and helps tendons slide over joints
Tendon shealth - elongated bursa
General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
Meniscus
C-shaped pad of cartilage in the knee that acts as a shock absorber
Classes of Synovial Joints
Ball and Socket Joint
Multiaxial joint
Head of the bone is a ball and attaches to a “cup-like” joint socket of another bone
(ex. shoulder)
Classes of Synovial Joints
Plane (glinding)
Biaxial joint
Between flat surfaces or surfaces that are only slightly concave and convex
(ex. Intercarpals and intertarsals)
Classes of Synovial Joints
Condylar
Biaxial joint
Oval convex that fits into a complementary shaped depression
(Ex. wrist joints and metacarpophalangeal joints)
Classes of Synovial Joints
Saddle
Biaxial
modifed condylar, articulated by two surfaces that are both saddle shaped
Joints that are concave in one direction and convex in the other
(ex. metacarpal joint of the thumb)
Classes of Synovial Joints
Hinge
Monoaxial joint
Rounded processes of one bone that fits into a concave surface into another bone, giving monoaxial movement
(ex. humerus attaching to the ulna or the knee joint)
Classes of Synovial Joints
Pivot
Monoaxial joint
Rounded surface on one bone that articulates with a depression in another bone (permits rotation)
(ex. radius joint of the antebrachial)
Name the six types of Synovial Joints
Movements
Flexion and extension
Felxion Decreases joint angle
Extension straightens joint angle
Movements
Abduction and Adduction
Abduction is movement away from the midline
Adduction is movement towards the midline
Movements
Elevation and Depression
Elevation is raising a body part
Depression is lowering a body part
Movements
Protraction and Retraction
Protraction is anterior movement
Retraction is posterior movement
Movements
Circumduction
distal end of limb makes circle while proximal end is stationary
Movements
External and Medial Rotations
External Rotations: anterior surface spins away from the midline
Medial Rotations: anterior surface spins towards midline
Movements
Supination
Palms face anteriorly
Radius and Ulna become parallel
Movements
Pronation
Palms face posteriorly
Radius crosses the ulna
Movements
What are the 3 movements of the trunk?
- Flexion
- Hyperextension
- Lateral Flexion
Movements
What are the 4 movements of the mandible?
- Protraction
- Retraction
- Lateral Excursion
- Medial Excursion
Movements
What is hyperextension?
Joints that are extented beyond zero position
Movements
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion: foot elevates at ankle
Plantar flexion: foot points down at ankle
Movements
Inversion
Eversion
Inversion: soles face medially
Eversion: soles face laterally
Movements
What are the 6 movements of the hand and wrist?
- Radial flexion
- Ulnar flexion
- Abduction of fingers
Thumb movements:
- Palmar abduction of thumb
- Opposition of thumb
- Reposition of thumb (back to zero position)
What are the factors that determine ROM
- Structure of articular surfaces
- Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
- Actions of muscles and tendons
What is the Temporomandiular Joint?
Condyle of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of temporal bone
There are 3 ligaments and an articular disk (meniscus)
What is the shoulder joint called?
What are the 3 ligaments that support the joint?
Glenohumeral joint
3 ligaments:
- Transverse humeral ligament
- Glenohumeral ligament
- Coracohumeral ligament
Anatomy of the Glenohumeral joint
Formed by the head of the humerus and the scapular glenoid cavity
Glenoid labrum: ring of fibrocartilage
What are the 2 articulation of the elbow joint?
Humeroulnar and humeroradial articulation
Features of the Elbow joint
Functions as a hinge
Stablized by radial collateral and ulnar collateral joints (restrict side to side movement)
What is the coxal joint?
The hip joint
Ball and socket joint
Formed by the femur head and the acetabulum of the os coxae
Features of the Coxal Joint
Acetabular labrum: fibrocartilage that deepens socket
Transverse Acetabular ligament: bridges the gap in between the inferior margin and the acetabular labrum
4 ligaments:
- lliofemoral: ligament attaching the ilium and femur
- Pubofemoral: attaches pubic bone to femur
- Ischiofemoral
- Round ligament
What is the tibiofemoral joint?
The knee joint
functions as a hinge
Features of the Tibiofemoral Joint
Has lateral and medial menisci for padding
Formed by 3 joints
Ligaments:
- Fibular collateral and tibial collateral
- Anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate
What is the Talocrural Joint?
The Ankle Joint
What is the function of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament? (PCL)
To prevent the tibia from being displaced backward
What is the function of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament? (ACL)
Prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur and provides rotational stability to the knee
