Circulatory System: Blood Lecture Flashcards
What does the Circulatory System consist of?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
What are the 3 functions of the Circulatory System?
Transport, Protection, and Regulation
Describe the Transport aspect of the Circulatory System.
- Carries Oxygen from lungs to all body tissues
- Transport CO2 from tissue to lungs to be removed
- Moves nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells
Describe the Protection aspect of the Circulatory System.
- Prevents blood loss through clotting
- Contains white blood cells and antibodies for bodily defense
- Preforms inflammation: limits infection spread
Describe the Regulation aspect of the Circulatory System.
Balances fluid levels, pH, and temperture
- Maintains fluid balance and distribution in the body
- Stabilize pH by buffering acids and bases
- Maintains body temp by routing blood to necessary places
What are the components that make up blood?
- Plasma (55% of blood)
Formed Elements: - Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Platelets
What are the 3 Proteins in Plasma? What are their percentages?
Albumin (60%)
Golbulins (36%)
- Alpha Golbulins
- Beta Golbulins
Fibrinogen (4%)
What composes Plasma?
Mostly water (92%)
- Proteins: Alhumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen
- Nutrients: Glucose, Amino Acids, Lactic Acid, Lipids
- Electrolytes: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl
- Nitrogenous Wastes: Urea
- Hormones
- Gases: Oxygen. CO2, and Nitrogen
Form and Function of Erythocytes
Red Blood Cell: Carries gases
- Carries O2 and CO2
- Discord shape
- Lack nucelus and any organelles (instead carries millions of hemoglobin molecules)
- Most abundent formed element
What is the structure of a hemogoblin?
- 4 protein chains called globins are attached to a heme group for each one (2 Alpha and 2 Beta chains)
- four globin chains and four heme groups
What is the function of a Hemoglobin?
- Each hemogoblin carries 4 oxygen molecules
- Hemogoblin is an protein that carries oxygen in RBC
- Ions in center of hemogoblin bind oxgyen
What is plasma?
Clear, extracellular fluid (matrix)
What is Serum?
Identical to plasma except for the absence of the clotting protein fibrinogen
What is plasma without solids and clots present?
Blood serum
What determines a person’s blood type
Glycolipids that act as antigens on the surface of red blood cells
What is Erythropoiesis?
Production of specifically red blood cells
Only one aspect of Hemopoiesis
What is Hemopoiesis?
What are the two types of it?
The production of blood and everything in it
Two types:
- Myeloid Hemopoiesis
- Lymphoid Hemopoiesis
What is Myeloid Hempoiesis?
Forms all types of formed elements in blood
Occurs in Red Bone Marrow
What is Lymphoid Hemopoiesis?
Creates Lymphocytes
Occurs in Lymphatic organs (bone marrow and thymus)
What is the process of creating an Erythocyte?
Basically:
Hematopoietic Stem Cell to Erythroblast to Erythrocyte
What does plasma contain regarding to blood type?
Antibodies that react against foreign antigens
What are Leukocytes and what do they do?
White blood cells
- protect the body against pathogens
Name the 5 types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes: (-phils)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Agranulocytes:
- Lymphcytes
- Monocytes
Where does Oxygen and CO2 bind to which parts of a hemogoblin?
The heme group binds to oxygen
The goblin group binds to CO2
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are called granulocytes because
They contain specific secretory granules
What are Neurtophils?
- Most abundent WBC (60% to 70%)
- Nucleus is S or C shaped
- Has reddish to violet granules in cytoplasm
What is the function of Neutrophils?
Phagocytize bacteria and digest them
Secrete antimicrobial chemicals
- this kills bacteria and the neutrophils themselves
What are Eosinophils?
- Rare WBC (2% to 4%)
- Nucleus has 2 large lobes connected by thin strand
- Large orange-pink granules in cytoplasm
Functions of Eosinophils
- Attacks parasites and phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes, allergens and inflammatory agents.
- Will increase in numbers according to how many threats in the body
What are Basophils?
- Rarest of all WBC (< 0.5%)
- Has a course, abundent, dark violet granules in cytoplasm
What are the functions of Basophils?
Secrete histamine, which increases blood flow to injured tissue
Secrete heparin which promotes mobility of other WBC to injured area
- Heparin: an anticoagulant
What are Monocytes?
- 3% to 8% of WBCs
- Large idenfiable nucleus that has a U-Shape
What are the functions of Monocytes?
- Will transform into macrophages (large phagocytic WBC)
- Phagocytizes pathogens and cellular debris
What are Lymphocytes?
- 25% to 33% of WBCs
- Has an extremely large nucleus with a dark, violet color
3 functional classes of lymphocytes exist:
- T Cells
- B Cells
- Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
What are the functions of Lymphocytes?
Secretes antibodies, destroys cancer cells and promotes immune memory.
What is Leukopoiesis?
Production of White Blood Cells
Begins with hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
What do myeoblasts, monoblasts, and lymphoblasts give rise to?
Myeloblasts give rise to eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils
Monoblasts give rise to moncytes
Lymphoblasts give rise to B, T, and NK lymphocytes
Where do Granulocytes and Monocytes stay in the body?
They stay in red marrow until needed
Where do Lymphocytes stay in the body?
B lymphocytes and NK cells mature in bone marrow
T lymphocytes mature in Thymus (Hence T)
What are platelets formed by?
They are small fragments of megakerocytes
What are the functions of platelets?
-Clot formation and dissolution
- WBC attraction
- Simulation for mitosis for healing
- Vasoconstriction
Describe the process of thrombopoiesis
This is the production of platelets
Some hemopoietic stem cells become megakaryoblasts which then becomes megakaryocytes
Megakaryocytes sprout proplatelet tendrils in red marrow, proplatelets are broken up into platelets
What is hemostasis?
The cessation of bleeding
Describe the process of hemostasis
Platelets release serotonin and clotting factors that trigger vasoconstriction
Platelets then stick to vessel wall of injured tissue called a platelet plug. Clotting factors convert fibrinogen to sticky fibrin
Once breach is secured, platelets secrete growth factors to trigger healing and other factors to dissolve the clot
