Circulatory System: Blood Lecture

Question 1

What does the Circulatory System consist of?

Answer 1

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

Question 2

What are the 3 functions of the Circulatory System?

Answer 2

Transport, Protection, and Regulation

Question 3

Describe the Transport aspect of the Circulatory System.

Answer 3

• Carries Oxygen from lungs to all body tissues
• Transport CO2 from tissue to lungs to be removed
• Moves nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells

Question 4

Describe the Protection aspect of the Circulatory System.

Answer 4

• Prevents blood loss through clotting
• Contains white blood cells and antibodies for bodily defense
• Preforms inflammation: limits infection spread

Question 5

Describe the Regulation aspect of the Circulatory System.

Answer 5

Balances fluid levels, pH, and temperture
- Maintains fluid balance and distribution in the body
- Stabilize pH by buffering acids and bases
- Maintains body temp by routing blood to necessary places

Question 6

What are the components that make up blood?

Answer 6

• Plasma (55% of blood)
  Formed Elements:
• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Platelets

Question 7

What are the 3 Proteins in Plasma? What are their percentages?

Answer 7

Albumin (60%)

Golbulins (36%)
- Alpha Golbulins
- Beta Golbulins

Fibrinogen (4%)

Question 8

What composes Plasma?

Answer 8

Mostly water (92%)

• Proteins: Alhumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen
• Nutrients: Glucose, Amino Acids, Lactic Acid, Lipids
• Electrolytes: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl
• Nitrogenous Wastes: Urea
• Hormones
• Gases: Oxygen. CO2, and Nitrogen

Question 9

Form and Function of Erythocytes

Answer 9

Red Blood Cell: Carries gases
- Carries O2 and CO2

• Discord shape
• Lack nucelus and any organelles (instead carries millions of hemoglobin molecules)
• Most abundent formed element

Question 10

What is the structure of a hemogoblin?

Answer 10

• 4 protein chains called globins are attached to a heme group for each one (2 Alpha and 2 Beta chains)
• four globin chains and four heme groups

Question 11

What is the function of a Hemoglobin?

Answer 11

• Each hemogoblin carries 4 oxygen molecules
• Hemogoblin is an protein that carries oxygen in RBC
• Ions in center of hemogoblin bind oxgyen

Question 12

What is plasma?

Answer 12

Clear, extracellular fluid (matrix)

Question 13

What is Serum?

Answer 13

Identical to plasma except for the absence of the clotting protein fibrinogen

Question 14

What is plasma without solids and clots present?

Answer 14

Blood serum

Question 15

What determines a person’s blood type

Answer 15

Glycolipids that act as antigens on the surface of red blood cells

Question 16

What is Erythropoiesis?

Answer 16

Production of specifically red blood cells

Only one aspect of Hemopoiesis

Question 17

What is Hemopoiesis?

What are the two types of it?

Answer 17

The production of blood and everything in it

Two types:
- Myeloid Hemopoiesis
- Lymphoid Hemopoiesis

Question 18

What is Myeloid Hempoiesis?

Answer 18

Forms all types of formed elements in blood

Occurs in Red Bone Marrow

Question 19

What is Lymphoid Hemopoiesis?

Answer 19

Creates Lymphocytes

Occurs in Lymphatic organs (bone marrow and thymus)

Question 20

What is the process of creating an Erythocyte?

Answer 20

Basically:
Hematopoietic Stem Cell to Erythroblast to Erythrocyte

Question 21

What does plasma contain regarding to blood type?

Answer 21

Antibodies that react against foreign antigens

Question 22

What are Leukocytes and what do they do?

Answer 22

White blood cells

• protect the body against pathogens

Question 23

Name the 5 types of Leukocytes

Answer 23

Granulocytes: (-phils)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils

Agranulocytes:
- Lymphcytes
- Monocytes

Question 24

Where does Oxygen and CO2 bind to which parts of a hemogoblin?

Answer 24

The heme group binds to oxygen

The goblin group binds to CO2

Question 25

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are called granulocytes because

Answer 25

They contain specific secretory granules

Question 26

What are Neurtophils?

Answer 26

- Most abundent WBC (60% to 70%) - Nucleus is S or C shaped - Has reddish to violet granules in cytoplasm

Question 27

What is the function of Neutrophils?

Answer 27

Phagocytize bacteria and digest them Secrete antimicrobial chemicals - this kills bacteria and the neutrophils themselves

Question 28

What are Eosinophils?

Answer 28

- Rare WBC (2% to 4%) - Nucleus has 2 large lobes connected by thin strand - Large orange-pink granules in cytoplasm

Question 29

Functions of Eosinophils

Answer 29

- Attacks parasites and phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes, allergens and inflammatory agents. - Will increase in numbers according to how many threats in the body

Question 30

What are Basophils?

Answer 30

- Rarest of all WBC (< 0.5%) - Has a course, abundent, dark violet granules in cytoplasm

Question 31

What are the functions of Basophils?

Answer 31

Secrete histamine, which increases blood flow to injured tissue Secrete heparin which promotes mobility of other WBC to injured area - Heparin: an anticoagulant

Question 32

What are Monocytes?

Answer 32

- 3% to 8% of WBCs - Large idenfiable nucleus that has a U-Shape

Question 33

What are the functions of Monocytes?

Answer 33

- Will transform into macrophages (large phagocytic WBC) - Phagocytizes pathogens and cellular debris

Question 34

What are Lymphocytes?

Answer 34

- 25% to 33% of WBCs - Has an extremely large nucleus with a dark, violet color 3 functional classes of lymphocytes exist: - T Cells - B Cells - Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

Question 35

What are the functions of Lymphocytes?

Answer 35

Secretes antibodies, destroys cancer cells and promotes immune memory.

Question 36

What is Leukopoiesis?

Answer 36

Production of White Blood Cells Begins with hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

Question 37

What do myeoblasts, monoblasts, and lymphoblasts give rise to?

Answer 37

Myeloblasts give rise to eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils Monoblasts give rise to moncytes Lymphoblasts give rise to B, T, and NK lymphocytes

Question 38

Where do Granulocytes and Monocytes stay in the body?

Answer 38

They stay in red marrow until needed

Question 39

Where do Lymphocytes stay in the body?

Answer 39

B lymphocytes and NK cells mature in bone marrow T lymphocytes mature in Thymus (Hence T)

Question 40

What are platelets formed by?

Answer 40

They are small fragments of megakerocytes

Question 41

What are the functions of platelets?

Answer 41

-Clot formation and dissolution - WBC attraction - Simulation for mitosis for healing - Vasoconstriction

Question 42

Describe the process of thrombopoiesis

Answer 42

This is the production of platelets Some hemopoietic stem cells become megakaryoblasts which then becomes megakaryocytes Megakaryocytes sprout proplatelet tendrils in red marrow, proplatelets are broken up into platelets

Question 43

What is hemostasis?

Answer 43

The cessation of bleeding

Question 44

Describe the process of hemostasis

Answer 44

Platelets release serotonin and clotting factors that trigger vasoconstriction Platelets then stick to vessel wall of injured tissue called a platelet plug. Clotting factors convert fibrinogen to sticky fibrin Once breach is secured, platelets secrete growth factors to trigger healing and other factors to dissolve the clot