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Anatomy 32 > Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage

A

Firm, flexible connective tissue found on many joint surfaces

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2
Q

Ligaments

A

Responsible for bone to bone connection at joints

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3
Q

Tendons

A

Responsible for attaching muscles to bone

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4
Q

Functions of the Skeleton

A
  • movement
  • support
  • protection of organs (ex. thoracic cavity)
  • blood formation in bone marrow
  • Electrolyte balance
  • Acid-base balance
  • Detoxicification (idk how)
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5
Q

Osteology

A

Study of bone
(Bone is a connective tissue)

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6
Q

Mineralization / Calcification

A

Process of harding bones

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7
Q

Tissues present in bone

A
  • Blood
  • Bone marrow
  • Cartliage
  • Adipose tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Fibrous connective tissue
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8
Q

4 Groups of Bone Shapes

A

Flat Bones: Thin, often curved bones (ex. Ribs)
Long Bones: Rigid levers for movement (ex. humerus and fibula)
Short Bones: glide within joints (ex. carpals of wrists) often “cube-like” length, width, height are the same
Irregular Bones: complex shapes (ex. vertebrae)

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9
Q

Long bone anatomy

A
  • Compact and spongy tissue
  • Marrow in medullary cavity
  • Epiphysial Line: remnant of growth plate
  • Articular Cartilage: smooths joints
  • Endosteum
  • Periosteum
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10
Q

What are the two heads and the shaft of long bones called?

A

Two heads are called Epiphyses
Shaft is called Diaphyses

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11
Q

Anatomy of Epiphyses

A

Filled with spongy bone
Epiphysial line found in between
(remnant of growth plate)
Articular Cartilage

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12
Q

Anatomy of Flat Bones

A

Similar to Plasma Membrane
Spongy bone (trabeculae is surrounded by compact bone)
Triple layer bone

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13
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

Stem cells found in:
- Endosteum: membrane lining the inner surface of bony wall
- Inner periosteum
- Central Canals

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14
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells

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15
Q

What are Osteocytes?
What holds and connects them?

A

mature bone cells

Lacunae: cavties that house osteocytes
Canaliculi: small canals that connect lacunae

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16
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone-dissolving cells
(bone-dissolving macrophages to be more specific)

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17
Q

Osteocyte Development Process

A
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18
Q

Osteoclast Development Process

A
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19
Q

Bone Matrix

A

1/3 organic:
collagen and large protein-carbohydrate complexes

2/3 inorganic:
85% hydroxyapatite
10% calcium carbonate
5% other inorganic material

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20
Q

What makes up Compact Bone

A

Osteons = basic unit of bone
Makes up:
- Concentric lamallae (tree like circles of bone)
- Circumferential lamallae (Lamallae that form the outer rings of bone tissue
- Central canal
- Perforating canal

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21
Q

Osteons

A

Makes up Compact bone
Lamallae + Central Canal makes an osteon

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22
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Spicules: rods and spines of bone
Trabeculae: thin plates of bones
Spaces are filled with bone marrow
(Lightweight but strong)

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23
Q

Two types of Bone Marrow

A

Red Bone Marrow:
Hematopoietic tissue: both red and white blood cells are made here

Yellow Bone Marrow:
Mainly fat

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24
Q

Types of bone marrow located on the body

A

Red marrow:
Found on Axial Skeleton, parts of pelvic girdle, promixal heads of humerus and femur

Yellow marrow:
Long bones of limbs

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25
Ossification/Osteogensis
Bone formation Begins with mesenchyme (an embryonic connective tissue)
26
Intramembranous Ossification
Produces flat bones of Skull and most of Clavicle Bone develops in a fibrous sheet resembling the dermis
27
Endochondral Ossification makes what bones? Where does it develop from?
Most bones are formed this way Bone develops from hyaline cartilage model
28
Bone Elongation
Bones growing longer at epiphysial plates
29
Where is the Metaphysis located? What is it made of?
plates made of hyaline cartilage Area located between the diaphysis and epiphysis
30
Bone Elongation Process: Zones of the Metaphysis
1. Zone of Resting Cartilage (C) 2. Zone of Cell Proliferation (P) 3. Zone of Cell Hypertropy (H) 4. Zone of Calcification (C) 5. Zone of Bone Desposition (D) CPHCD
31
Appositional Growth
Growth in diameter and thickness of bone
32
Intramembranous Ossification at Surface
1. Osteoblasts in periosteum deposit matrix 2. Once matrix hardens(calcification), cells become osteocytes 3. Circumferential lamellae are formed Osteoclasts widen medullary cavity
33
How do bones remodel themselves?
Absorption (eating) of old bone and deposition (producing) of new bone
34
Wolf's Law of Bone
Bone shape is determined by mechanical stress Bone adapts to withstand stress Form follows function
35
# Nutritional Factors of Bone Calcium and Phosphate
Raw materials for calcified ground substance
36
# Nutritional Factors of Bone What does Vitamin A do?
Promotes formation of glycosaminoglycans (protein-carb fibers)
37
# Nutritional Factors of Bone Vitamin C
(Ascorbic Acid) Promotes collagen cross-linking
38
# Nutritional Factors of Bone What is Vitamin D needed for? Lack of Vitamin D causes?
(Calcitriol) Necessary for calcium absorption by small intestine and reduces urinary calcium loss Lack of vitamin D leads to unablity to absorb calcium, leads to weak bones
39
# Hormonal Factors Calcitonin
- Secreted by thyroid gland - Stimulated osteoblasts in children and pregnant women
40
# Hormonal Factors Growth Hormone
- Promotes intestinal absorption of Calcium - Stimulates growth plates and bone elongation
41
# Hormonal Factors Estrogen and Testosterone
Stimulate long bone growth during adolescence
42
# Hormonal Factors Parathyroid Hormone
- secrete by parathyroid gland - stimulates bone reabsorption to boost level of calcium in blood
43
Osteopenia
- Loss of bone - Bone absorption is fastor that Bone deposition - Fractures are more common, heal slowly
44
What happens to bones after age 35?
Osteoblasts are less active than osteoclasts
45
What happens to bones after age 40?
- Women lose 8% of bone mass per decade - Men lose 3% of bone mass per decade
46
# Fractures Stress Fracture
Caused by repeated abnormal trauma, stress-induced
47
# Fractures Pathological Fracture
Fractures in bone weakened by diseases such as osteoporosis
48
# Fractures How are fractures classifed?
- Breaking of skin - Direction of Fracture - Separation of Bone Pieces
49
# Fractures Closed Reduction Treatment
Nonsurgical manipulation of fragments for healing (Ex. fiberglass cast) Healing 8-12 weeks
50
# Fractures Open Reduction Treatment
Surgical Setting involving plates, screws, or pins for healing
51
Closed Fracture
Skin is not broken
52
Open Fracture
Skin is broken through Bone sticks out of skin
53
Complete Fracture
Bone is broken in two or more pieces
54
Incomplete Fracture
Partial fracture that extends only partway across bone, pieces remained joined
55
Nondisplaced Fracture
Portions of bone are still in correct anatomical alignment
56
Displaced Fracture
Portions of bone are out of anatomical alignment
57
Comminuted Fracture
Bone is broken in three of more pieces
58
Greenstick Fracture
Bone is bent towards oneside and has incomplete fracture on opposite site (common injury found in children)
59
Hairline Fracture
Fine crack in which sections of bone remain aligned, common in skull fractures
60
Impacted Fracture
One bone fragment is driven into the marrow cavity or spongy bone of other (Bone is compressed into itself vertically causing injury)
61
Depressed Fracture
Broken protion of bone forms a concavity (injury commonly found in skull fracture)
62
Linear Fracture
Fracture parallel to long axis of bone
63
Transverse Fracture
Fracture perpendicular to long axis of bone
64
Oblique Fracture
Diagonal Fracture, between linear and transverse
65
Spiral Fracture
Fracture caused by twisting stress placed on bone (Skiing accident)
66
Healing Process of Bone Fracture
1. Hematoma Formation (H) 2. Soft Callus Formation (S) 3. Hard Callus Formation (H) 4. Bone Remodeling (B) HSHB
67
What is Osteoporosis? What areas are vunerable?
Bone disease where bones lose mass and are prone to pathological fractures Hip, wrist, vertebrae are especially vunerable
68
Kyphosis
Large thoracic curvature due to osteoporosis
69
Treatments to Osteoporosis
Bis-phosphonates and parathyroid hormone
70
Prevention of Osteoporosis
Weight training excerise, good calcium consumption and protein
71
# Structural Disorders of Bone Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of adult growth hormone Results in thicking of bones and soft tissues, noticable in faces, hands, and feet
72
# Structural Disorders of Bone Osteitis Deformans/Paget Disease
Excessive Osteoclast consumption of bone, osteoblasts attempt to compensate by rapid production of bone, which causes weak bones Most common in males over 50 years old
73
# Structural Disorders of Bone Osteosarcoma
Bone cancer usually affecting limb bones of adolescents and young adults Produces large tumors near the knees Lethal if not treated quickly, death caused by spreading to lungs
74
# Structural Disorders of Bone Rickets
Defective calcification of bone in children, result of insufficent sunlight or vitamin D consumption Causes bone-softening or deformity in lower limbs
75
Periosteum
Membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wrap on external layer of bones
76
Endosteum
Layer of reticular connective tissue lining internal surfaces of a bone
77
Nutrient Foramen
Hole in a bone that allows a passage of blood cells into bone tissue

Anatomy 32 (20 decks)

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