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Anatomy 32 > Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage

A

Firm, flexible connective tissue found on many joint surfaces

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2
Q

Ligaments

A

Responsible for bone to bone connection at joints

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3
Q

Tendons

A

Responsible for attaching muscles to bone

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4
Q

Functions of the Skeleton

A
  • movement
  • support
  • protection of organs (ex. thoracic cavity)
  • blood formation in bone marrow
  • Electrolyte balance
  • Acid-base balance
  • Detoxicification (idk how)
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5
Q

Osteology

A

Study of bone
(Bone is a connective tissue)

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6
Q

Mineralization / Calcification

A

Process of harding bones

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7
Q

Tissues present in bone

A
  • Blood
  • Bone marrow
  • Cartliage
  • Adipose tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Fibrous connective tissue
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8
Q

4 Groups of Bone Shapes

A

Flat Bones: Thin, often curved bones (ex. Ribs)
Long Bones: Rigid levers for movement (ex. humerus and fibula)
Short Bones: glide within joints (ex. carpals of wrists) often “cube-like” length, width, height are the same
Irregular Bones: complex shapes (ex. vertebrae)

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9
Q

Long bone anatomy

A
  • Compact and spongy tissue
  • Marrow in medullary cavity
  • Epiphysial Line: remnant of growth plate
  • Articular Cartilage: smooths joints
  • Endosteum
  • Periosteum
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10
Q

What are the two heads and the shaft of long bones called?

A

Two heads are called Epiphyses
Shaft is called Diaphyses

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11
Q

Anatomy of Epiphyses

A

Filled with spongy bone
Epiphysial line found in between
(remnant of growth plate)
Articular Cartilage

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12
Q

Anatomy of Flat Bones

A

Similar to Plasma Membrane
Spongy bone (trabeculae is surrounded by compact bone)
Triple layer bone

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13
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

Stem cells found in:
- Endosteum: membrane lining the inner surface of bony wall
- Inner periosteum
- Central Canals

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14
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells

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15
Q

What are Osteocytes?
What holds and connects them?

A

mature bone cells

Lacunae: cavties that house osteocytes
Canaliculi: small canals that connect lacunae

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16
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone-dissolving cells
(bone-dissolving macrophages to be more specific)

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17
Q

Osteocyte Development Process

A
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18
Q

Osteoclast Development Process

A
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19
Q

Bone Matrix

A

1/3 organic:
collagen and large protein-carbohydrate complexes

2/3 inorganic:
85% hydroxyapatite
10% calcium carbonate
5% other inorganic material

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20
Q

What makes up Compact Bone

A

Osteons = basic unit of bone
Makes up:
- Concentric lamallae (tree like circles of bone)
- Circumferential lamallae (Lamallae that form the outer rings of bone tissue
- Central canal
- Perforating canal

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21
Q

Osteons

A

Makes up Compact bone
Lamallae + Central Canal makes an osteon

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22
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Spicules: rods and spines of bone
Trabeculae: thin plates of bones
Spaces are filled with bone marrow
(Lightweight but strong)

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23
Q

Two types of Bone Marrow

A

Red Bone Marrow:
Hematopoietic tissue: both red and white blood cells are made here

Yellow Bone Marrow:
Mainly fat

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24
Q

Types of bone marrow located on the body

A

Red marrow:
Found on Axial Skeleton, parts of pelvic girdle, promixal heads of humerus and femur

Yellow marrow:
Long bones of limbs

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25
Q

Ossification/Osteogensis

A

Bone formation

Begins with mesenchyme (an embryonic connective tissue)

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26
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Produces flat bones of Skull and most of Clavicle

Bone develops in a fibrous sheet resembling the dermis

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27
Q

Endochondral Ossification makes what bones?

Where does it develop from?

A

Most bones are formed this way
Bone develops from hyaline cartilage model

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28
Q

Bone Elongation

A

Bones growing longer at epiphysial plates

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29
Q

Where is the Metaphysis located?

What is it made of?

A

plates made of hyaline cartilage

Area located between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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30
Q

Bone Elongation Process: Zones of the Metaphysis

A
  1. Zone of Resting Cartilage (C)
  2. Zone of Cell Proliferation (P)
  3. Zone of Cell Hypertropy (H)
  4. Zone of Calcification (C)
  5. Zone of Bone Desposition (D)

CPHCD

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31
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Growth in diameter and thickness of bone

32
Q

Intramembranous Ossification at Surface

A
  1. Osteoblasts in periosteum deposit matrix
  2. Once matrix hardens(calcification), cells become osteocytes
  3. Circumferential lamellae are formed

Osteoclasts widen medullary cavity

33
Q

How do bones remodel themselves?

A

Absorption (eating) of old bone and deposition (producing) of new bone

34
Q

Wolf’s Law of Bone

A

Bone shape is determined by mechanical stress
Bone adapts to withstand stress
Form follows function

35
Q

Nutritional Factors of Bone

Calcium and Phosphate

A

Raw materials for calcified ground substance

36
Q

Nutritional Factors of Bone

What does Vitamin A do?

A

Promotes formation of glycosaminoglycans (protein-carb fibers)

37
Q

Nutritional Factors of Bone

Vitamin C

A

(Ascorbic Acid)
Promotes collagen cross-linking

38
Q

Nutritional Factors of Bone

What is Vitamin D needed for?

Lack of Vitamin D causes?

A

(Calcitriol)
Necessary for calcium absorption by small intestine and reduces urinary calcium loss

Lack of vitamin D leads to unablity to absorb calcium, leads to weak bones

39
Q

Hormonal Factors

Calcitonin

A
  • Secreted by thyroid gland
  • Stimulated osteoblasts in children and pregnant women
40
Q

Hormonal Factors

Growth Hormone

A
  • Promotes intestinal absorption of Calcium
  • Stimulates growth plates and bone elongation
41
Q

Hormonal Factors

Estrogen and Testosterone

A

Stimulate long bone growth during adolescence

42
Q

Hormonal Factors

Parathyroid Hormone

A
  • secrete by parathyroid gland
  • stimulates bone reabsorption to boost level of calcium in blood
43
Q

Osteopenia

A
  • Loss of bone
  • Bone absorption is fastor that Bone deposition
  • Fractures are more common, heal slowly
44
Q

What happens to bones after age 35?

A

Osteoblasts are less active than osteoclasts

45
Q

What happens to bones after age 40?

A
  • Women lose 8% of bone mass per decade
  • Men lose 3% of bone mass per decade
46
Q

Fractures

Stress Fracture

A

Caused by repeated abnormal trauma, stress-induced

47
Q

Fractures

Pathological Fracture

A

Fractures in bone weakened by diseases such as osteoporosis

48
Q

Fractures

How are fractures classifed?

A
  • Breaking of skin
  • Direction of Fracture
  • Separation of Bone Pieces
49
Q

Fractures

Closed Reduction Treatment

A

Nonsurgical manipulation of fragments for healing (Ex. fiberglass cast)

Healing 8-12 weeks

50
Q

Fractures

Open Reduction Treatment

A

Surgical Setting involving plates, screws, or pins for healing

51
Q

Closed Fracture

A

Skin is not broken

52
Q

Open Fracture

A

Skin is broken through
Bone sticks out of skin

53
Q

Complete Fracture

A

Bone is broken in two or more pieces

54
Q

Incomplete Fracture

A

Partial fracture that extends only partway across bone, pieces remained joined

55
Q

Nondisplaced Fracture

A

Portions of bone are still in correct anatomical alignment

56
Q

Displaced Fracture

A

Portions of bone are out of anatomical alignment

57
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

Bone is broken in three of more pieces

58
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Bone is bent towards oneside and has incomplete fracture on opposite site
(common injury found in children)

59
Q

Hairline Fracture

A

Fine crack in which sections of bone remain aligned, common in skull fractures

60
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

One bone fragment is driven into the marrow cavity or spongy bone of other
(Bone is compressed into itself vertically causing injury)

61
Q

Depressed Fracture

A

Broken protion of bone forms a concavity
(injury commonly found in skull fracture)

62
Q

Linear Fracture

A

Fracture parallel to long axis of bone

63
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Fracture perpendicular to long axis of bone

64
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

Diagonal Fracture, between linear and transverse

65
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Fracture caused by twisting stress placed on bone
(Skiing accident)

66
Q

Healing Process of Bone Fracture

A
  1. Hematoma Formation (H)
  2. Soft Callus Formation (S)
  3. Hard Callus Formation (H)
  4. Bone Remodeling (B)
    HSHB
67
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

What areas are vunerable?

A

Bone disease where bones lose mass and are prone to pathological fractures

Hip, wrist, vertebrae are especially vunerable

68
Q

Kyphosis

A

Large thoracic curvature
due to osteoporosis

69
Q

Treatments to Osteoporosis

A

Bis-phosphonates and parathyroid hormone

70
Q

Prevention of Osteoporosis

A

Weight training excerise, good calcium consumption and protein

71
Q

Structural Disorders of Bone

Acromegaly

A

Hypersecretion of adult growth hormone
Results in thicking of bones and soft tissues, noticable in faces, hands, and feet

72
Q

Structural Disorders of Bone

Osteitis Deformans/Paget Disease

A

Excessive Osteoclast consumption of bone, osteoblasts attempt to compensate by rapid production of bone, which causes weak bones

Most common in males over 50 years old

73
Q

Structural Disorders of Bone

Osteosarcoma

A

Bone cancer usually affecting limb bones of adolescents and young adults
Produces large tumors near the knees

Lethal if not treated quickly, death caused by spreading to lungs

74
Q

Structural Disorders of Bone

Rickets

A

Defective calcification of bone in children, result of insufficent sunlight or vitamin D consumption

Causes bone-softening or deformity in lower limbs

75
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wrap on external layer of bones

76
Q

Endosteum

A

Layer of reticular connective tissue lining internal surfaces of a bone

77
Q

Nutrient Foramen

A

Hole in a bone that allows a passage of blood cells into bone tissue

Anatomy 32 (20 decks)

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