Cytology: Study of Cells Flashcards
Microscopy:
What microscope gives this image?
Light Microscope (LM):
Uses visable light for image
Most limited in magnification
Microscopy
What microscope gives this image?
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Uses a beam of electrons
Produces a 3D Image of cells, topography
Microscopy
What microscope gives this image?
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Uses a beam of electrons to show image (Micrograph)
Gives a clear resolution image of a cell
Organelles
Plasma Membrane
Boundary of the cell/cell wall
Has a phospholipid Bilayer (Hydrophilic on the outside, Hydrophobic on the inside)
Name all functions of Membrane Protiens:
Membrane Transport
What is Filtration?
Blood pressure filters using capillary wall
(No energy is needed)
Membrane Transport
Describe Simple Diffusion
High concentrations will naturally move to a lower concentration area
(No Energy is needed)
Membrane Transport
What is Osmosis?
Special case of Simple Diffusion
Movement of water: a “more watery” side will move to a “less watery” side
(No Energy is needed)
Membrane Transport
Describe Facilitated Diffusion
“Controlled” Diffusion
Channel protien is used to control material coming into the cell
(No energy is needed)
Membrane Transport
What is Active Transport?
Lower concentration area moves to a high concentration area
ATP is needed to open Channel protein to allow exit of material
(Energy is needed)
Membrane Transport: Vesicular Transport
Pinocytosis
“Cell Drinking”
“Endo” action
Membrane Transport: Vesicular Transport
Receptor-Mediated Endocyctosis
Receptors are used for “Cell Drinking”
“Endo” action
Membrane Transport: Vesicular Transport
Exocytosis
Vesicles release cell products
“Exo” action
Name the 3 surface extentions
Microvillia
Cilia
Flagella
What are Glycocalyx?
What does it do?
Carbohydrate component
Fuzzy, sugary coat
Functions:
Protects cell
Binds Tissues
What are the 3 Celluar Junctions?
Tight Junction: Sealant
Desmosomes: Resist Stress
Gap Junction: Communication
What are the 4 Cell Interiors?
Cytosol - Fluid of cell
Cytoskeleton - structural component
Organelles - functioning structures
Inclusions - non-essential structures
Celluar Anatomy
Describe the functions of the Cytoskeleton
Support the cell
Determine cell shape
Organize contents
Move cell and its contents
(The skeleton of the cell, hence the name)
Celluar Anatomy
What is the Nucleus? What does it look like?
Genetic control center, houses chromosomes
Largest organelle, purple
Produces ribosomes
Celluar Anatomy
What is the Endoplasmic Recticulum? What does it look like?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):
- makes phospholipids and protiens of plasma membrane
- covered with Ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):
- not covered with ribosomes
Both are always found next to the nucleus
Celluar Anatomy
What do ribosomes do?
Assemble amino acids into proteins
They are small dots located at near the nucleus and on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Celluar Anatomy
What is the Golgi Complex?
Describe the organelle collaboration of protein production
Celluar Anatomy
What do Proteasomes do?
Break down degraded proteins
Break down 80% of a cell’s proteins
Celluar Anatomy
What are Lysosomes?
Cell clean up crew
Peroxisomes and Lysosomes look the same, Lysosomes are BIGGER
What are the two ways cells die?
Autophagy: Lysosomes break down cells
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death
Celluar Anatomy
What are Peroxisomes?
Oxidize organic molecules, especially fatty acids
Produce hydrogren peroxide
Peroxisomes and Lysosomes look the same, Peroxisomes are SMALLER
Celluar Anatomy
What is the Mitochondria?
Produces ATP (energy)
Celluar Anatomy
What are Centrioles?
Has Microtubes: 9 groups of 3
Always a pair in a cell
Found near nucleus
Celluar Anatomy
What are Inclusions?
Not essential to cell survival
The Cell Cycle
Describe the phases prior to Mitosis
First gap phase (G1), Systhesis Phase (S), Second gap phase (G2)
First Gap Phase (G1):
Growth and normal metabolic roles
Synthesis Phase (S):
DNA Replication
Second Gap Phase (G2):
Growth and Preparation for Mitosis
The Cell Cycle
Describe the Prophase
Nucleus breaks down, revealing chromosomes
Centrioles grow longer and go to opposite sides of the cells
The Cell Cycle
Describe the Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Centriole fibers attach themselves to chromosomes
The Cell Cycle
Describe the Anaphase
Centrioles tear apart chromosomes from the middle
The Cell Cycle
Describe the Telophase
Divded chromosomes are now in separate new cells
Nucleus membrane reforms around each cell
Immature cells can develop into which 2 stems cells?
Adult Stem Cells
Or
Embryonic Stem Cells
