Cytology: Study of Cells

Question 1

Microscopy:

What microscope gives this image?

Answer 1

Light Microscope (LM):

Uses visable light for image
Most limited in magnification

Question 2

Microscopy

What microscope gives this image?

Answer 2

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Uses a beam of electrons
Produces a 3D Image of cells, topography

Question 3

Microscopy

What microscope gives this image?

Answer 3

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Uses a beam of electrons to show image (Micrograph)
Gives a clear resolution image of a cell

Question 4

Organelles

Plasma Membrane

Answer 4

Boundary of the cell/cell wall

Has a phospholipid Bilayer (Hydrophilic on the outside, Hydrophobic on the inside)

Question 5

Name all functions of Membrane Protiens:

Answer 5

Question 6

Membrane Transport

What is Filtration?

Answer 6

Blood pressure filters using capillary wall

(No energy is needed)

Question 7

Membrane Transport

Describe Simple Diffusion

Answer 7

High concentrations will naturally move to a lower concentration area

(No Energy is needed)

Question 8

Membrane Transport

What is Osmosis?

Answer 8

Special case of Simple Diffusion

Movement of water: a “more watery” side will move to a “less watery” side

(No Energy is needed)

Question 9

Membrane Transport

Describe Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 9

“Controlled” Diffusion

Channel protien is used to control material coming into the cell

(No energy is needed)

Question 10

Membrane Transport

What is Active Transport?

Answer 10

Lower concentration area moves to a high concentration area

ATP is needed to open Channel protein to allow exit of material

(Energy is needed)

Question 11

Membrane Transport: Vesicular Transport

Pinocytosis

Answer 11

“Cell Drinking”

“Endo” action

Question 12

Membrane Transport: Vesicular Transport

Receptor-Mediated Endocyctosis

Answer 12

Receptors are used for “Cell Drinking”

“Endo” action

Question 13

Membrane Transport: Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis

Answer 13

Vesicles release cell products

“Exo” action

Question 14

Name the 3 surface extentions

Answer 14

Microvillia
Cilia
Flagella

Question 15

What are Glycocalyx?
What does it do?

Answer 15

Carbohydrate component
Fuzzy, sugary coat

Functions:
Protects cell
Binds Tissues

Question 16

What are the 3 Celluar Junctions?

Answer 16

Tight Junction: Sealant
Desmosomes: Resist Stress
Gap Junction: Communication

Question 17

What are the 4 Cell Interiors?

Answer 17

Cytosol - Fluid of cell
Cytoskeleton - structural component
Organelles - functioning structures
Inclusions - non-essential structures

Question 18

Celluar Anatomy

Describe the functions of the Cytoskeleton

Answer 18

Support the cell
Determine cell shape
Organize contents
Move cell and its contents
(The skeleton of the cell, hence the name)

Question 19

Celluar Anatomy

What is the Nucleus? What does it look like?

Answer 19

Genetic control center, houses chromosomes
Largest organelle, purple
Produces ribosomes

Question 20

Celluar Anatomy

What is the Endoplasmic Recticulum? What does it look like?

Answer 20

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):
- makes phospholipids and protiens of plasma membrane
- covered with Ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):
- not covered with ribosomes

Both are always found next to the nucleus

Question 21

Celluar Anatomy

What do ribosomes do?

Answer 21

Assemble amino acids into proteins
They are small dots located at near the nucleus and on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Question 22

Celluar Anatomy

What is the Golgi Complex?

Answer 22

Question 23

Describe the organelle collaboration of protein production

Answer 23

Question 24

Celluar Anatomy

What do Proteasomes do?

Answer 24

Break down degraded proteins
Break down 80% of a cell’s proteins

Question 25

Celluar Anatomy

What are Lysosomes?

Answer 25

Cell clean up crew
Peroxisomes and Lysosomes look the same, Lysosomes are BIGGER

Question 26

What are the two ways cells die?

Answer 26

Autophagy: Lysosomes break down cells
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death

Question 27

Celluar Anatomy

What are Peroxisomes?

Answer 27

Oxidize organic molecules, especially fatty acids
Produce hydrogren peroxide

Peroxisomes and Lysosomes look the same, Peroxisomes are SMALLER

Question 28

Celluar Anatomy

What is the Mitochondria?

Answer 28

Produces ATP (energy)

Question 29

Celluar Anatomy

What are Centrioles?

Answer 29

Has Microtubes: 9 groups of 3
Always a pair in a cell
Found near nucleus

Question 30

Celluar Anatomy

What are Inclusions?

Answer 30

Not essential to cell survival

Question 31

The Cell Cycle

Describe the phases prior to Mitosis

First gap phase (G1), Systhesis Phase (S), Second gap phase (G2)

Answer 31

First Gap Phase (G1):
Growth and normal metabolic roles

Synthesis Phase (S):
DNA Replication

Second Gap Phase (G2):
Growth and Preparation for Mitosis

Question 32

The Cell Cycle

Describe the Prophase

Answer 32

Nucleus breaks down, revealing chromosomes
Centrioles grow longer and go to opposite sides of the cells

Question 33

The Cell Cycle

Describe the Metaphase

Answer 33

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Centriole fibers attach themselves to chromosomes

Question 34

The Cell Cycle

Describe the Anaphase

Answer 34

Centrioles tear apart chromosomes from the middle

Question 35

The Cell Cycle

Describe the Telophase

Answer 35

Divded chromosomes are now in separate new cells
Nucleus membrane reforms around each cell

Question 36

Immature cells can develop into which 2 stems cells?

Answer 36

Adult Stem Cells
Or
Embryonic Stem Cells