Cytology: Study of Cells Flashcards by Daniel Lim

Microscopy:

What microscope gives this image?

Light Microscope (LM):

Uses visable light for image
Most limited in magnification

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Microscopy

What microscope gives this image?

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Uses a beam of electrons
Produces a 3D Image of cells, topography

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Microscopy

What microscope gives this image?

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Uses a beam of electrons to show image (Micrograph)
Gives a clear resolution image of a cell

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Organelles

Plasma Membrane

Boundary of the cell/cell wall

Has a phospholipid Bilayer (Hydrophilic on the outside, Hydrophobic on the inside)

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Name all functions of Membrane Protiens:

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Membrane Transport

What is Filtration?

Blood pressure filters using capillary wall

(No energy is needed)

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Membrane Transport

Describe Simple Diffusion

High concentrations will naturally move to a lower concentration area

(No Energy is needed)

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Membrane Transport

What is Osmosis?

Special case of Simple Diffusion

Movement of water: a “more watery” side will move to a “less watery” side

(No Energy is needed)

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Membrane Transport

Describe Facilitated Diffusion

“Controlled” Diffusion

Channel protien is used to control material coming into the cell

(No energy is needed)

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Membrane Transport

What is Active Transport?

Lower concentration area moves to a high concentration area

ATP is needed to open Channel protein to allow exit of material

(Energy is needed)

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Membrane Transport: Vesicular Transport

Pinocytosis

“Cell Drinking”

“Endo” action

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Membrane Transport: Vesicular Transport

Receptor-Mediated Endocyctosis

Receptors are used for “Cell Drinking”

“Endo” action

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Membrane Transport: Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis

Vesicles release cell products

“Exo” action

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Name the 3 surface extentions

Microvillia
Cilia
Flagella

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What are Glycocalyx?
What does it do?

Carbohydrate component
Fuzzy, sugary coat

Functions:
Protects cell
Binds Tissues

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What are the 3 Celluar Junctions?

Tight Junction: Sealant
Desmosomes: Resist Stress
Gap Junction: Communication

What are the 4 Cell Interiors?

Cytosol - Fluid of cell
Cytoskeleton - structural component
Organelles - functioning structures
Inclusions - non-essential structures

Celluar Anatomy

Describe the functions of the Cytoskeleton

Support the cell
Determine cell shape
Organize contents
Move cell and its contents
(The skeleton of the cell, hence the name)

Celluar Anatomy

What is the Nucleus? What does it look like?

Genetic control center, houses chromosomes
Largest organelle, purple
Produces ribosomes

Celluar Anatomy

What is the Endoplasmic Recticulum? What does it look like?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):
- makes phospholipids and protiens of plasma membrane
- covered with Ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):
- not covered with ribosomes

Both are always found next to the nucleus

Celluar Anatomy

What do ribosomes do?

Assemble amino acids into proteins
They are small dots located at near the nucleus and on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Celluar Anatomy

What is the Golgi Complex?

Describe the organelle collaboration of protein production

Celluar Anatomy

What do Proteasomes do?

Break down degraded proteins
Break down 80% of a cell’s proteins

# Celluar Anatomy What are Lysosomes?

Cell clean up crew Peroxisomes and Lysosomes look the same, Lysosomes are BIGGER

What are the two ways cells die?

Autophagy: Lysosomes break down cells Apoptosis: Programmed cell death

# Celluar Anatomy What are Peroxisomes?

Oxidize organic molecules, especially fatty acids Produce hydrogren peroxide Peroxisomes and Lysosomes look the same, Peroxisomes are SMALLER

# Celluar Anatomy What is the Mitochondria?

Produces ATP (energy)

# Celluar Anatomy What are Centrioles?

Has Microtubes: 9 groups of 3 Always a pair in a cell Found near nucleus

# Celluar Anatomy What are Inclusions?

Not essential to cell survival

# The Cell Cycle Describe the phases prior to Mitosis | First gap phase (G1), Systhesis Phase (S), Second gap phase (G2)

First Gap Phase (G1): Growth and normal metabolic roles Synthesis Phase (S): DNA Replication Second Gap Phase (G2): Growth and Preparation for Mitosis

# The Cell Cycle Describe the Prophase

Nucleus breaks down, revealing chromosomes Centrioles grow longer and go to opposite sides of the cells

# The Cell Cycle Describe the Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Centriole fibers attach themselves to chromosomes

# The Cell Cycle Describe the Anaphase

Centrioles tear apart chromosomes from the middle

# The Cell Cycle Describe the Telophase

Divded chromosomes are now in separate new cells Nucleus membrane reforms around each cell

Immature cells can develop into which 2 stems cells?

Adult Stem Cells Or Embryonic Stem Cells