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Animal Physiology > Skeletal & Calcium > Flashcards

Skeletal & Calcium Flashcards

1
Q

the cells that form bone, they secrete the matrix of bone and then supply minerals necessary to harden it

A

osteoblasts

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2
Q

bone cells that become trapped in the ossified matrix; can revert back to previous state if injury occurs

A

osteocytes

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3
Q

instead of forming new bone, these eat it away; they are necessary for remodeling to take place by removing bone where it is not needed

A

osteoclasts

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4
Q

these bone cells allow the body to withdraw calcium from the bones when it is needed to raise the calcium level in the blood

A

osteoclasts

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5
Q

when the bone matrix is infiltrated with calcium and phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals

A

ossification

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6
Q

the sparse population of bone cells embedded in a hard intercellular substance; initially soft and composed of collagen fibers in protein and polysaccharides

A

bone matrix

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7
Q

cave-like spaces in the ossified matrix that trap osteoblasts

A

lacunae

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8
Q

tiny channels through the matrix of bone that allow threadlike projections from osteocytes communicate with each other and also with blood vessels

A

canaliculi

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9
Q

give bone its characteristic hardness

A

hydroxyapatite crystals

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10
Q

calcium’s roles in body functions

A
  • muscle contraction
  • blood clotting
  • milk secretion
  • skeletal formation and maintenance
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11
Q

two hormones responsible for calcium

A

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

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12
Q

calcium level that is too high

A

hypercalcemia; calcitonin prevents

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13
Q

calcium level that is too low

A

hypocalcemia; parathyroid hormone prevents

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14
Q

thyroid gland produces:

A

calcitonin

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15
Q

parathyroid glands produces:

A

parathyroid hormone

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16
Q

regulation of calcium levels in the body

A

calcitropic

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17
Q

hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue; aka bone

A

osseous connective tissue

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18
Q

blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis

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19
Q

hormone that is essential for blood clotting and bone/tooth formation

A

vitamin d

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20
Q

bone minerals

A

calcium and phosphorus are the most abundant minerals with magnesium salts

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21
Q

light, spongy bone with tiny spicules containing bone marrow randomly arranged

A

cancellous bone

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22
Q

heavy, dense bone; shafts of long bones and the outside layer or all bones

A

compact bone

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23
Q

tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bone that runs lengthwise containing layers of ossified bone matrix

A

haversian systems

24
Q

contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves

A

haversian canal

25
Q

membrane that covers outer surfaces of bones

A

periosteum

26
Q

composed of fibrous tissue

A

outer layer of periosteum

27
Q

enables bones to increase in diameter by containing osteoblasts

A

inner layer of periosteum

28
Q

two types of bone formation

A

endochondral and intramembranous

29
Q

bone is formed either by growing or by replacing a cartilage model

A

endochondral bone formation

30
Q

bone develops from fibrous tissue membrane; only occurs in skull bones

A

intramembranous bone formation

31
Q

primary growth center

A

diaphysis of cartilage rod

32
Q

secondary growth center

A

epiphysis

33
Q

allow for lengthening of the bone

A

epiphyseal plates

34
Q

what are the two calcitropic hormones involved in calcium homeostasis?

A

calcium and parathyroid hormone

35
Q

what inhibits bone reabsorption by osteoclasts?

A

calcitonin

36
Q

during bone formation, osteoblasts replace cartilage where?

A

the diaphyseal aspect of the growth plate

37
Q

where are the secondary growth centers of bones located?

A

the epiphysis of the cartilage rod

38
Q

what is an example of a spheroidal joint?

A

the hip

39
Q

channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels; join at right angles other canals

A

volkmann’s canals

40
Q

large bone vessels that carry blood into and out of bone marrow

A

nutrient foramina

41
Q

bone marrow

A

fills the space between bones

42
Q

forms blood cells, most prominent in younger animals

A

red bone marrow

43
Q

primarily adipose connective tissue, can convert back to original marrow if needed

A

yellow bone marrow

44
Q

number of pairs equals number of thoracic vertebrae

A

ribs

45
Q

ventral ends of the ribs; join together

A

costal cartilage

46
Q

end in the thoracic wall muscles

A

floating ribs

47
Q

area where cartilage meets bony rib

A

costochondral junction

48
Q

manubrium is most cranial, xiphoid process most caudal; forms floor of the thorax

A

sternum

49
Q

joints

A
  • fibrous or immovable
  • cartilaginous or slightly movable
  • synovial or freely moving
50
Q

fibrous; immovable

A

synarthroses; skull sutures and splint bones of metacarpus/metatarsus

51
Q

cartilaginous; slightly movable

A

amphiarthroses; intervertebral joints and pelvic/mandibular symphyses

52
Q

synovial; freely movable

A

diarthroses; shoulder and stifle joint

53
Q

types of synovial joints

A
  • spheroidal - ball and socket
  • trochoid - pivot
  • arthrodial - gliding/rocking
  • ginglymus - hinge
54
Q

hinge joint; one joint surface swivels around another

A

ginglymus; elbow joint and atlanto-ocipital joint

55
Q

gliding joint; rocking joints

A

arthrodial; carpus

56
Q

pivot joint; one bone pivots or rotates on another

A

trochoid; atlanto-axial joint

57
Q

ball and socket joint; allows the most extensive movement of all joint types

A

spheroidal; shoulder and hip joints

Animal Physiology (17 decks)

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