Skeletal & Calcium

Question 1

the cells that form bone, they secrete the matrix of bone and then supply minerals necessary to harden it

Answer 1

osteoblasts

Question 2

bone cells that become trapped in the ossified matrix; can revert back to previous state if injury occurs

Answer 2

osteocytes

Question 3

instead of forming new bone, these eat it away; they are necessary for remodeling to take place by removing bone where it is not needed

Answer 3

osteoclasts

Question 4

these bone cells allow the body to withdraw calcium from the bones when it is needed to raise the calcium level in the blood

Answer 4

osteoclasts

Question 5

when the bone matrix is infiltrated with calcium and phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals

Answer 5

ossification

Question 6

the sparse population of bone cells embedded in a hard intercellular substance; initially soft and composed of collagen fibers in protein and polysaccharides

Answer 6

bone matrix

Question 7

cave-like spaces in the ossified matrix that trap osteoblasts

Answer 7

lacunae

Question 8

tiny channels through the matrix of bone that allow threadlike projections from osteocytes communicate with each other and also with blood vessels

Answer 8

canaliculi

Question 9

give bone its characteristic hardness

Answer 9

hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 10

calcium’s roles in body functions

Answer 10

• muscle contraction
• blood clotting
• milk secretion
• skeletal formation and maintenance

Question 11

two hormones responsible for calcium

Answer 11

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Question 12

calcium level that is too high

Answer 12

hypercalcemia; calcitonin prevents

Question 13

calcium level that is too low

Answer 13

hypocalcemia; parathyroid hormone prevents

Question 14

thyroid gland produces:

Answer 14

calcitonin

Question 15

parathyroid glands produces:

Answer 15

parathyroid hormone

Question 16

regulation of calcium levels in the body

Answer 16

calcitropic

Question 17

hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue; aka bone

Answer 17

osseous connective tissue

Question 18

blood cell formation

Answer 18

hematopoiesis

Question 19

hormone that is essential for blood clotting and bone/tooth formation

Answer 19

vitamin d

Question 20

bone minerals

Answer 20

calcium and phosphorus are the most abundant minerals with magnesium salts

Question 21

light, spongy bone with tiny spicules containing bone marrow randomly arranged

Answer 21

cancellous bone

Question 22

heavy, dense bone; shafts of long bones and the outside layer or all bones

Answer 22

compact bone

Question 23

tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bone that runs lengthwise containing layers of ossified bone matrix

Answer 23

haversian systems

Question 24

contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves

Answer 24

haversian canal

Question 25

membrane that covers outer surfaces of bones

Answer 25

periosteum

Question 26

composed of fibrous tissue

Answer 26

outer layer of periosteum

Question 27

enables bones to increase in diameter by containing osteoblasts

Answer 27

inner layer of periosteum

Question 28

two types of bone formation

Answer 28

endochondral and intramembranous

Question 29

bone is formed either by growing or by replacing a cartilage model

Answer 29

endochondral bone formation

Question 30

bone develops from fibrous tissue membrane; only occurs in skull bones

Answer 30

intramembranous bone formation

Question 31

primary growth center

Answer 31

diaphysis of cartilage rod

Question 32

secondary growth center

Answer 32

epiphysis

Question 33

allow for lengthening of the bone

Answer 33

epiphyseal plates

Question 34

what are the two calcitropic hormones involved in calcium homeostasis?

Answer 34

calcium and parathyroid hormone

Question 35

what inhibits bone reabsorption by osteoclasts?

Answer 35

calcitonin

Question 36

during bone formation, osteoblasts replace cartilage where?

Answer 36

the diaphyseal aspect of the growth plate

Question 37

where are the secondary growth centers of bones located?

Answer 37

the epiphysis of the cartilage rod

Question 38

what is an example of a spheroidal joint?

Answer 38

the hip

Question 39

channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels; join at right angles other canals

Answer 39

volkmann's canals

Question 40

large bone vessels that carry blood into and out of bone marrow

Answer 40

nutrient foramina

Question 41

bone marrow

Answer 41

fills the space between bones

Question 42

forms blood cells, most prominent in younger animals

Answer 42

red bone marrow

Question 43

primarily adipose connective tissue, can convert back to original marrow if needed

Answer 43

yellow bone marrow

Question 44

number of pairs equals number of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 44

ribs

Question 45

ventral ends of the ribs; join together

Answer 45

costal cartilage

Question 46

end in the thoracic wall muscles

Answer 46

floating ribs

Question 47

area where cartilage meets bony rib

Answer 47

costochondral junction

Question 48

manubrium is most cranial, xiphoid process most caudal; forms floor of the thorax

Answer 48

sternum

Question 49

joints

Answer 49

- fibrous or immovable - cartilaginous or slightly movable - synovial or freely moving

Question 50

fibrous; immovable

Answer 50

synarthroses; skull sutures and splint bones of metacarpus/metatarsus

Question 51

cartilaginous; slightly movable

Answer 51

amphiarthroses; intervertebral joints and pelvic/mandibular symphyses

Question 52

synovial; freely movable

Answer 52

diarthroses; shoulder and stifle joint

Question 53

types of synovial joints

Answer 53

- spheroidal - ball and socket - trochoid - pivot - arthrodial - gliding/rocking - ginglymus - hinge

Question 54

hinge joint; one joint surface swivels around another

Answer 54

ginglymus; elbow joint and atlanto-ocipital joint

Question 55

gliding joint; rocking joints

Answer 55

arthrodial; carpus

Question 56

pivot joint; one bone pivots or rotates on another

Answer 56

trochoid; atlanto-axial joint

Question 57

ball and socket joint; allows the most extensive movement of all joint types

Answer 57

spheroidal; shoulder and hip joints