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Animal Physiology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

blood proteins in plasma

A

albumins, globulins, and fibrogens

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2
Q

albumins

A

prevent water from leaving the blood and entering tissues

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3
Q

globulins

A

the building blocks of antibodies, assist in the transport of proteins

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4
Q

fibrogens

A

form blood clots

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5
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells that transport O2 from the lungs to tissues and transport CO2 from tissues to lungs

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6
Q

hemoglobin

A

globular protein, the iron atom located within this cell binds to a rbc and gives it the red color

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7
Q

anemia

A

too few rbc’s or insufficient amount of hemoglobin, which can cause fatigue and may be associated with lack of iron on the diet

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8
Q

what wbc produces antibodies?

A

lymphocytes

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9
Q

megakaryocytes

A

a large bone marrow cell with a lobulated nucleus responsible for the production of platelets, which are necessary for normal blood clotting

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10
Q

plasmin

A

plasma protein that develops after healing to dissolve a clot/scab

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11
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot that blocks a blood vessel

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12
Q

embolus

A

formed when blood clot dislodges from a vessel and begins traveling through the blood stream

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13
Q

hemophilia

A

disease in which blood lacks a clotting factor

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14
Q

pathogens

A

anything that can cause a disease

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15
Q

first line of immune defense

A

physical barriers such as skin or the trachea, and chemical barriers such as stomach acid, sweat or tears

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16
Q

second line of defense

A

inflammatory response with cellular and chemical components

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17
Q

inflammatory response

A

rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain)

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18
Q

complement proteins

A

plasma proteins that attract phagocytes to the site of infection

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19
Q

third line of defense

A

targets specific pathogens; the immune response and antibodies with special cells with the ability to recognize and destroy the virus/bacteria

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20
Q

antigen

A

protein or sugar molecules on the surface of microbes

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21
Q

what wbc are responsible for recognizing foreign microbes?

A

lymphocytes

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22
Q

internal protection

A

spleen, lymphatic system, lymph nodes, and the thymus

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23
Q

the two parts of the immune system

A

innate and adaptive

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24
Q

innate immune system

A

is rapid and nonspecific
present at birth
destroys non-self invaders
uses physical chemical and cellular components to protect body

25
Q

adaptive immune system

A

slow to respond
not present at birth
targets specific organisims
develops and adapts as animal is exposed to antigens

26
Q

internal innate defense

A

when a pathogen makes its way past physical barriers, the body controls spread of infection through acute inflammation

27
Q

fever

A

side effect of inflammation, response where chemical mediators are carried throughout the body to kill pathogens

28
Q

cells capable of phagocytosis

A

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendrite cells

29
Q

cytokines

A

attract immune cells to a specific site

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

30
Q

types of cytokines

A

interleukins, interferons, and chemokines

31
Q

interferons

A

cytokines produced in response to a viral infection

32
Q

chemokines

A

cytokines that stimulate the movement of leukocytes from blood to the injury/inflammatory site

33
Q

interleukins

A

cytokines that are secreted rapidly, and briefly, in response to a stimulus, such as an infectious agent

34
Q

natural killer cells

A

found in blood and lymph, and are part of both the innate and adaptive immune systems

35
Q

b lymphocytes

A

part of humoral immunity; programmed to secrete immunoglobulin (ig) antibodies

36
Q

t lymphocytes

A

part of cell-mediated immunity; activate b-cells

37
Q

memory cells

A

clones of t-cells and b-cells that have been activated in an immune response; stronger and quicker than initial response

38
Q

humoral immunity

A

triggered by extracellular pathogens
results in the production of immunoglobulins by b-cells/plasma cells
targets specific antigens for destruction

39
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

acts against intracellular pathogens

t-cells attach directly to antigen markers on surfaces of phagocytes that have already processed the pathogen

40
Q

immunoglobulins

A

different types of antibodies; igm, igg, iga, ige, igd

41
Q

helper cells

A

t-h cells that help immune system by secreting cytokines

42
Q

cytotoxic cells

A

t-c cells, aka effector cells or killer cells; attach to antigenic markers on cells and destroy those cells

43
Q

regulatory cells

A

t-s cells that inhibit t-h and t-c cell function and also prevent b-cells from transforming into plasma cells

44
Q

active immunity

A

result of an active immune process; natural immunity or provided by vaccines (modified live or killed viruses)

45
Q

passive immunity

A

no activation needed to warrant immune protection; receiving antibodies from an external source such as maternal antibodies via the placenta or colostrum; protection lost once antibodies leave system

46
Q

proteins and other chemicals normally dissolved in the plasma portion of whole blood

A

clotting factors

47
Q

the component of whole blood made up of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

A

cellular

48
Q

the liquid portion of whole blood after the blood cells have been removed

A

plasma

49
Q

the liquid portion of whole blood if no anticoagulant is added to a blood sample

A

serum

50
Q

blood flowing through the animal’s body and blood as it leaves the animal’s body prior to the addition of an anticoagulant

A

whole blood

51
Q

microbes

A

potential pathogens that can cause harm to the body

52
Q

chemical barriers for the innate system 1st line of defense

A

stomach acid, sweat, tears, saliva, nasal discharges and urine

53
Q

physical barriers for the innate system 1st line of defense

A

skin and mucous membranes

54
Q

body pathways that require protective mechanisms

A

respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tract

55
Q

macrophage

A

a moncoyte that has been called into a specific tissue

56
Q

dendrite cells

A

a guard macrophage that can capture invading pathogens and take them to the lymph nodes for destruction

57
Q

internal protection organs and tissues

A

spleen, lymph nodes, malt, tonsils, peyer’s patches, thymus red bone marrow

58
Q

pattern recognition receptors (prr)

A

work with the pamp on a cell’s membrane to allow the macrophage to recognize and attach to the pathogen and trigger an immune respons

59
Q

pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamp)

A

are found on the membrane surface of invading pathogens and work with prr to recognize common structures shared by a large group of pathogens

Animal Physiology (17 decks)

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