Immune System Flashcards
blood proteins in plasma
albumins, globulins, and fibrogens
albumins
prevent water from leaving the blood and entering tissues
globulins
the building blocks of antibodies, assist in the transport of proteins
fibrogens
form blood clots
erythrocytes
red blood cells that transport O2 from the lungs to tissues and transport CO2 from tissues to lungs
hemoglobin
globular protein, the iron atom located within this cell binds to a rbc and gives it the red color
anemia
too few rbc’s or insufficient amount of hemoglobin, which can cause fatigue and may be associated with lack of iron on the diet
what wbc produces antibodies?
lymphocytes
megakaryocytes
a large bone marrow cell with a lobulated nucleus responsible for the production of platelets, which are necessary for normal blood clotting
plasmin
plasma protein that develops after healing to dissolve a clot/scab
thrombus
blood clot that blocks a blood vessel
embolus
formed when blood clot dislodges from a vessel and begins traveling through the blood stream
hemophilia
disease in which blood lacks a clotting factor
pathogens
anything that can cause a disease
first line of immune defense
physical barriers such as skin or the trachea, and chemical barriers such as stomach acid, sweat or tears
second line of defense
inflammatory response with cellular and chemical components
inflammatory response
rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain)
complement proteins
plasma proteins that attract phagocytes to the site of infection
third line of defense
targets specific pathogens; the immune response and antibodies with special cells with the ability to recognize and destroy the virus/bacteria
antigen
protein or sugar molecules on the surface of microbes
what wbc are responsible for recognizing foreign microbes?
lymphocytes
internal protection
spleen, lymphatic system, lymph nodes, and the thymus
the two parts of the immune system
innate and adaptive
innate immune system
is rapid and nonspecific
present at birth
destroys non-self invaders
uses physical chemical and cellular components to protect body
adaptive immune system
slow to respond
not present at birth
targets specific organisims
develops and adapts as animal is exposed to antigens
internal innate defense
when a pathogen makes its way past physical barriers, the body controls spread of infection through acute inflammation
fever
side effect of inflammation, response where chemical mediators are carried throughout the body to kill pathogens
cells capable of phagocytosis
neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendrite cells
cytokines
attract immune cells to a specific site
autocrine, paracrine, endocrine
types of cytokines
interleukins, interferons, and chemokines
interferons
cytokines produced in response to a viral infection
chemokines
cytokines that stimulate the movement of leukocytes from blood to the injury/inflammatory site
interleukins
cytokines that are secreted rapidly, and briefly, in response to a stimulus, such as an infectious agent
natural killer cells
found in blood and lymph, and are part of both the innate and adaptive immune systems
b lymphocytes
part of humoral immunity; programmed to secrete immunoglobulin (ig) antibodies
t lymphocytes
part of cell-mediated immunity; activate b-cells
memory cells
clones of t-cells and b-cells that have been activated in an immune response; stronger and quicker than initial response
humoral immunity
triggered by extracellular pathogens
results in the production of immunoglobulins by b-cells/plasma cells
targets specific antigens for destruction
cell-mediated immunity
acts against intracellular pathogens
t-cells attach directly to antigen markers on surfaces of phagocytes that have already processed the pathogen
immunoglobulins
different types of antibodies; igm, igg, iga, ige, igd
helper cells
t-h cells that help immune system by secreting cytokines
cytotoxic cells
t-c cells, aka effector cells or killer cells; attach to antigenic markers on cells and destroy those cells
regulatory cells
t-s cells that inhibit t-h and t-c cell function and also prevent b-cells from transforming into plasma cells
active immunity
result of an active immune process; natural immunity or provided by vaccines (modified live or killed viruses)
passive immunity
no activation needed to warrant immune protection; receiving antibodies from an external source such as maternal antibodies via the placenta or colostrum; protection lost once antibodies leave system
proteins and other chemicals normally dissolved in the plasma portion of whole blood
clotting factors
the component of whole blood made up of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
cellular
the liquid portion of whole blood after the blood cells have been removed
plasma
the liquid portion of whole blood if no anticoagulant is added to a blood sample
serum
blood flowing through the animal’s body and blood as it leaves the animal’s body prior to the addition of an anticoagulant
whole blood
microbes
potential pathogens that can cause harm to the body
chemical barriers for the innate system 1st line of defense
stomach acid, sweat, tears, saliva, nasal discharges and urine
physical barriers for the innate system 1st line of defense
skin and mucous membranes
body pathways that require protective mechanisms
respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tract
macrophage
a moncoyte that has been called into a specific tissue
dendrite cells
a guard macrophage that can capture invading pathogens and take them to the lymph nodes for destruction
internal protection organs and tissues
spleen, lymph nodes, malt, tonsils, peyer’s patches, thymus red bone marrow
pattern recognition receptors (prr)
work with the pamp on a cell’s membrane to allow the macrophage to recognize and attach to the pathogen and trigger an immune respons
pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamp)
are found on the membrane surface of invading pathogens and work with prr to recognize common structures shared by a large group of pathogens
