Immune System

Question 1

blood proteins in plasma

Answer 1

albumins, globulins, and fibrogens

Question 2

albumins

Answer 2

prevent water from leaving the blood and entering tissues

Question 3

globulins

Answer 3

the building blocks of antibodies, assist in the transport of proteins

Question 4

fibrogens

Answer 4

form blood clots

Question 5

erythrocytes

Answer 5

red blood cells that transport O2 from the lungs to tissues and transport CO2 from tissues to lungs

Question 6

hemoglobin

Answer 6

globular protein, the iron atom located within this cell binds to a rbc and gives it the red color

Question 7

anemia

Answer 7

too few rbc’s or insufficient amount of hemoglobin, which can cause fatigue and may be associated with lack of iron on the diet

Question 8

what wbc produces antibodies?

Answer 8

lymphocytes

Question 9

megakaryocytes

Answer 9

a large bone marrow cell with a lobulated nucleus responsible for the production of platelets, which are necessary for normal blood clotting

Question 10

plasmin

Answer 10

plasma protein that develops after healing to dissolve a clot/scab

Question 11

thrombus

Answer 11

blood clot that blocks a blood vessel

Question 12

embolus

Answer 12

formed when blood clot dislodges from a vessel and begins traveling through the blood stream

Question 13

hemophilia

Answer 13

disease in which blood lacks a clotting factor

Question 14

pathogens

Answer 14

anything that can cause a disease

Question 15

first line of immune defense

Answer 15

physical barriers such as skin or the trachea, and chemical barriers such as stomach acid, sweat or tears

Question 16

second line of defense

Answer 16

inflammatory response with cellular and chemical components

Question 17

inflammatory response

Answer 17

rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain)

Question 18

complement proteins

Answer 18

plasma proteins that attract phagocytes to the site of infection

Question 19

third line of defense

Answer 19

targets specific pathogens; the immune response and antibodies with special cells with the ability to recognize and destroy the virus/bacteria

Question 20

antigen

Answer 20

protein or sugar molecules on the surface of microbes

Question 21

what wbc are responsible for recognizing foreign microbes?

Answer 21

lymphocytes

Question 22

internal protection

Answer 22

spleen, lymphatic system, lymph nodes, and the thymus

Question 23

the two parts of the immune system

Answer 23

innate and adaptive

Question 24

innate immune system

Answer 24

is rapid and nonspecific
present at birth
destroys non-self invaders
uses physical chemical and cellular components to protect body

Question 25

adaptive immune system

Answer 25

slow to respond not present at birth targets specific organisims develops and adapts as animal is exposed to antigens

Question 26

internal innate defense

Answer 26

when a pathogen makes its way past physical barriers, the body controls spread of infection through acute inflammation

Question 27

fever

Answer 27

side effect of inflammation, response where chemical mediators are carried throughout the body to kill pathogens

Question 28

cells capable of phagocytosis

Answer 28

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendrite cells

Question 29

cytokines

Answer 29

attract immune cells to a specific site | autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

Question 30

types of cytokines

Answer 30

interleukins, interferons, and chemokines

Question 31

interferons

Answer 31

cytokines produced in response to a viral infection

Question 32

chemokines

Answer 32

cytokines that stimulate the movement of leukocytes from blood to the injury/inflammatory site

Question 33

interleukins

Answer 33

cytokines that are secreted rapidly, and briefly, in response to a stimulus, such as an infectious agent

Question 34

natural killer cells

Answer 34

found in blood and lymph, and are part of both the innate and adaptive immune systems

Question 35

b lymphocytes

Answer 35

part of humoral immunity; programmed to secrete immunoglobulin (ig) antibodies

Question 36

t lymphocytes

Answer 36

part of cell-mediated immunity; activate b-cells

Question 37

memory cells

Answer 37

clones of t-cells and b-cells that have been activated in an immune response; stronger and quicker than initial response

Question 38

humoral immunity

Answer 38

triggered by extracellular pathogens results in the production of immunoglobulins by b-cells/plasma cells targets specific antigens for destruction

Question 39

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 39

acts against intracellular pathogens | t-cells attach directly to antigen markers on surfaces of phagocytes that have already processed the pathogen

Question 40

immunoglobulins

Answer 40

different types of antibodies; igm, igg, iga, ige, igd

Question 41

helper cells

Answer 41

t-h cells that help immune system by secreting cytokines

Question 42

cytotoxic cells

Answer 42

t-c cells, aka effector cells or killer cells; attach to antigenic markers on cells and destroy those cells

Question 43

regulatory cells

Answer 43

t-s cells that inhibit t-h and t-c cell function and also prevent b-cells from transforming into plasma cells

Question 44

active immunity

Answer 44

result of an active immune process; natural immunity or provided by vaccines (modified live or killed viruses)

Question 45

passive immunity

Answer 45

no activation needed to warrant immune protection; receiving antibodies from an external source such as maternal antibodies via the placenta or colostrum; protection lost once antibodies leave system

Question 46

proteins and other chemicals normally dissolved in the plasma portion of whole blood

Answer 46

clotting factors

Question 47

the component of whole blood made up of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

Answer 47

cellular

Question 48

the liquid portion of whole blood after the blood cells have been removed

Answer 48

plasma

Question 49

the liquid portion of whole blood if no anticoagulant is added to a blood sample

Answer 49

serum

Question 50

blood flowing through the animal's body and blood as it leaves the animal's body prior to the addition of an anticoagulant

Answer 50

whole blood

Question 51

microbes

Answer 51

potential pathogens that can cause harm to the body

Question 52

chemical barriers for the innate system 1st line of defense

Answer 52

stomach acid, sweat, tears, saliva, nasal discharges and urine

Question 53

physical barriers for the innate system 1st line of defense

Answer 53

skin and mucous membranes

Question 54

body pathways that require protective mechanisms

Answer 54

respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tract

Question 55

macrophage

Answer 55

a moncoyte that has been called into a specific tissue

Question 56

dendrite cells

Answer 56

a guard macrophage that can capture invading pathogens and take them to the lymph nodes for destruction

Question 57

internal protection organs and tissues

Answer 57

spleen, lymph nodes, malt, tonsils, peyer's patches, thymus red bone marrow

Question 58

pattern recognition receptors (prr)

Answer 58

work with the pamp on a cell's membrane to allow the macrophage to recognize and attach to the pathogen and trigger an immune respons

Question 59

pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamp)

Answer 59

are found on the membrane surface of invading pathogens and work with prr to recognize common structures shared by a large group of pathogens