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Animal Physiology > Cardiovascular Terms > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Terms Flashcards

1
Q

afterload

A

the pressure in the wall of the left ventricle during ejection

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2
Q

aorta

A

major artery of the systemic circulation that receives blood from the left ventricle

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3
Q

aortic valve

A

the left semilunar valve; blood from the left ventricle flows through it into the aorta

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4
Q

apex of heart

A

pointed, caudal end of the heart

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5
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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6
Q

arteriole

A

the smallest branches of the arterial tree, their small diameter help provide pressure resistance, therefore maintaining blood pressure

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7
Q

atrioventricular node

A

located in the atrioventricular septum receives the impulse generated by the SA node to complete a contraction

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8
Q

atrioventricular septum

A

formed by the interventricular septum and the interatrial septum

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9
Q

atrioventricular valve

A

aka, AV valves; located between the atria and the ventricles

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10
Q

atrium

A

receive blood into the heart

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11
Q

auricle

A

ear shaped appendage of either atrium of the heart

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12
Q

auscultation

A

listening with the ear or with a stethoscope to the sounds of the body

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13
Q

autorhythmic

A

does not need outside stimulus to start beating in a steady rhythm

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14
Q

base of heart

A

the rounded cranial end of the heart

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15
Q

bicuspid valve

A

the left AV valve composed of 2 cusps, aka the mitral valve

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16
Q

blood pressure

A

a measure of the amount of pressure flowing blood exerts on the arterial walls

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17
Q

bundle of his

A

bundle of cardiac muscle fibers that conducts the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat, from the atrioventricular node in the right atrium to the septum between the ventricles and then to the left and right ventricles

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18
Q

capillaries

A

form the transition between arteries and veins

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19
Q

cardiac cycle

A

generated by the SA node; produces one heartbeat; one cycle of atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation

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20
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood that leaves the heart

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21
Q

cardiovascular system

A

aka, the circulatory system; responsible for the movement of blood and everything it carries throughout the animal’s body

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22
Q

carotid artery

A

located near the jugular vein, carries blood very quickly to the brain, can cause seizures if anything is injected into it

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23
Q

cephalic vein

A

located on the thoracic limb

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24
Q

chordae tendonae

A

fine, thread-like cords that connect the two atrioventricular valves to the appropriate papillary muscles in the ventricles

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25
Q

coccygeal vein

A

in ruminants and rodents, carries blood from the tail to the vena cava

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26
Q

coronary artery

A

branch off the aorta just past the aortic valve (left semilunar valve)

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27
Q

coronary sinus

A

a channel formed where the coronary veins join together near the right atrium to drain blood directly into the right atrium

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28
Q

coronary vein

A

where blood enters after passing through the myocardium from capillaries

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29
Q

cusps

A

three flaps of endothelium that compose the right AV valve

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30
Q

depolarization

A

a reduction in the voltage across a neuron or muscle cell membrane from its normal polarized state (resting membrane potential), this results in action potential (nerve impulse) in the case of a neuron or the initiation of contraction in the case of a muscle cell

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31
Q

diastole

A

the part of the cardiac cycle associated with relaxation of the atria and ventricles and the filling of the chambers with blood

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32
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

the second number in a recorded reading, measures the pressure remaining in the artery during left ventricular diastole when the ventricle is relaxing and refilling with blood

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33
Q

doppler echocardiogram

A

more sophisticated ultrasound procedure that measures blood flow through the heart and adds color to the image , useful for evaluating valvular stenosis and insufficiency

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34
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

the 2nd bypass that allows fetal blood the bypass lung tissue

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35
Q

echo/echocardiography

A

cardiac ultrasound; uses ultrasound to bounce sound waves off parts of the heart to watch the heart beating

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36
Q

elastic artery

A

have the greatest ability to stretch when blood passes through them because they have a large number of elastic fibers in the middle layers of their walls; found closest to the heart

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37
Q

electrogradiogram

A

a recording of the electrical activity of the heart

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38
Q

electrocardiography

A

produces an electrocardiogram based on electrical activity of the heart

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39
Q

endocardium

A

the innermost layer of the heart

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40
Q

endothelium

A

composed of simple squamous epithelium and it lines the heart, blood vessels and serous cavities of the body

41
Q

epicardium

A

outermost layer of the heart

42
Q

femoral vein

A

located on the pelvic limb of dogs and cats, carries blood to the iliac vein, which joins with the vena cava

43
Q

foramen ovale

A

the first bypass between the right and left atria that allows fetal blood to bypass the lung issue because blood has already been oxygenated by the mother

44
Q

heart rate

A

how often the heart contracts, stated in beats per minute

45
Q

interatrial septum

A

a continuum of the myocardium that separates the left atrium and the right atrium

46
Q

interventricular groove

A

the area of the interventricular septum that is visible on the outside of the heart; contains blood vessels and is frequently filled with fat

47
Q

interventricuar septum

A

continuation of the interatial septum; separates the left and right ventricles

48
Q

jugular vein

A

travel in muscular grooves along the ventral aspect of each side of the neck, from mandible to shoulder

49
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

third value in a reading, the average pressure during one cardiac cycle and can be used as an indication of tissue perfusion in an anesthetized animal

50
Q

mediastinum

A

the area of the thorax between the lungs, contains the heart and most of the other thoracic structures such as the trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic structures

51
Q

mitral valve

A

aka bicuspid valve; separates the left atrium and ventricle and protects the pulmonary venous system from the high pressures in the left ventricle during systole

52
Q

murmur

A

the turbulence in the blood flow of valvular insufficiency

53
Q

muscular artery

A

have more smooth muscle fibers, found further away from the heart usually direct blood to specific organs and tissues

54
Q

myocardium

A

the middle layer of the heart and the main muscle layer responsible for contraction during systole

55
Q

oscillometric method

A

a cuff is placed over the area of an artery and inflated until blood flow either stops if nearly stops, the air is gradually released from the cuff and the magnitude and frequency of pulsations is recorded

56
Q

p wave

A

the time it takes the wave of depolarization to travel from the SA node through the atria

57
Q

papillary muscle

A

muscular, nipple like projections in the heart that anchor the chordae tendonae, when contracted they act to open the atrioventricular heart valves

58
Q

parietal layer of the serous pericardium

A

a smooth, moist serous membrane that lines the pericardial sac

59
Q

pericardial fluid

A

fluid within the pericardial space that lubricates the parietal and visceral membrane layers of the serous pericardium to prevent friction during contraction and relaxation of the heart

60
Q

pericardial sac

A

fibrous sac of the pericardium, lose to allow beating, but not elastic, so it can not stretch if the heart becomes abnormally large

61
Q

pericardial space

A

the area between the 2 serous membranes (parietal and visceral) and is filled with pericardial fluid

62
Q

pericardium

A

tissue that forms a sac around the heart to protect it and control the movement of the heart within the thorax

63
Q

preload

A

the volume of blood the ventricle receives from the atrium

64
Q

pulmonary artery

A

artery arising from the right ventricle that delivers blood into the pulmonary circulation

65
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

part of the circulatory system that delivers un-oxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart; controlled by the right side of the heart

66
Q

pulmonary valve

A

a semilunar valve that separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery during ventricular diastole

67
Q

pulse

A

the rate of alternating stretching and recoiling of the elastic fibers in an artery as blood passes through it with each heart beat

68
Q

pulse wave

A

stretching and recoiling that travels through all the arteries and arterioles and dissipates in the capillaries

69
Q

purkinje fiber system

A

fibers that pick up impulses, makes a u-turn, then caries them from the bundle of his up into the right and left ventricular myocardium

70
Q

qrs complex

A

the time of ventricular depolarization

71
Q

repolarization

A

the process following depolarization wherein potassium ions diffuse rapidly out of the neuron

72
Q

saphenous vein

A

located in the pelvic limb, commonly used in dogs, carries blood to the femoral vein

73
Q

semilunar valve

A

the 2 valves that control blood flow out of the ventricles and into arteries

74
Q

serous pericardium

A

part of the pericardium; consists of 2 membranes layers, the parietel and visceral layers

75
Q

sinoatrial node

A

a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the wall of the right atrium of the heart that act as the heat’s pacemaker; the impulse that starts each heartbeat is initiated in the SA node

76
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

instrument for measuring blood pressure

77
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood ejected with each cardiac cycle

78
Q

systemic circulation

A

the part of the circulatory system that produces blood flow to and away from all the body tissues except the lungs, controlled by the left side of the heart

79
Q

systole

A

period in the cardiac cycle of contraction when the chambers discharge blood out to the rest of the body, it is the time interval between the first and second heart sounds

80
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

first pressure reading; should be the highest number, produced by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the systemic circulation by way of the aorta

81
Q

systolic discharge

A

aka stroke volume; the amount of blood ejected with each cardiac cycle

82
Q

t wave

A

the time of ventricular relaxation (repolarization)

83
Q

tricuspid valve

A

aka right atrioventricular valve; separates the right atrium and ventricle

84
Q

umbilical artery

A

arteries that carry carbon dioxide-rich waste filled blood from the fetus to the placenta through the umbilical cord ]

85
Q

umbilical vein

A

the vein in the umbilical cord that carries oxygen and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus

86
Q

valvular insuffienciency

A

a heart condition where one or more of the cardiac valves don’t close all the way

87
Q

valvular stenosis

A

a heart condition where any one or more of the cardiac valves don’t open all the way

88
Q

veins

A

carry blood toward the heart

89
Q

vena cava

A

the large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the heart

90
Q

ventricle

A

pump blood out of the heart

91
Q

venule

A

tiny veins formed by capillaries, eventually form veins once they expand in diameter

92
Q

visceral layer if the serous pericardium

A

the part of the serous pericardium that lies directly on the surface of the heart

93
Q

startling’s law

A

the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart when all other factors remain constant

94
Q

phases of the cardiac cycle

A

diastole and systole

95
Q

lub (s1)

A

tricuspid and mitral (atrioventricular) valves snap shut to prevent back flow and pulmonary and aortic valves are opening; occurs at the beginning of ventricular contraction

96
Q

dub (s2)

A

pulmonary and aortic (arterial) valves are snapping shut and the tricuspid and mitral valves are opening; occurs at the beginning of ventricular relaxation

97
Q

role of the atria in cardiac cycle

A

ensures the maximum filling of the ventricles; atrioventricular valves remain open as the atria contracts and the semilunar valves are closed during atrial contraction

98
Q

phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. ventricular filling and atrial filling 2. ventricular contraction - period of isovolumetric contraction - systole 3. ventricular contraction - period of ejection - systole 4. reduced ventricular ejection - protodiastole 5. isovolumetric relaxation 6. rapid filling 7. reduced filling

Animal Physiology (17 decks)

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