Blood Study Questions Flashcards
what are the main functions of blood?
transportation, regulation and defense
what is the most abundant component of plasma?
water
what is the differences between plasma and serum?
plasma is the liquid portion of whole blood or a blood sample when the sample has not been allowed to clot; serum is the liquid portion of a blood sample after the sample has been allowed to clot, removing the clotting elements; plasma is prepared by centrifuging anti-coagulated blood; serum is prepared by allowing blood to clot and then centrifuging
what are the three main categories of blood cells?
red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)
where does hematopoiesis take place in a fetus?
the liver and spleen
where does hematopoiesis take place in a new born?
red bone marrow
what primitive cell type are all blood cells derived from?
pluripotential or miltipotential stem cells
what is the difference between red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow?
eed bone marrow is bone marrow that is actively making blood cells, its location in the animal’s body changes as the animal matures; yellow bone marrow is inactive or fatty bone marrow that is no longer producing blood cells
how does one cell population, the pluripotential stem cells, give rise to all the different blood cells?
a pluripotential stem cell has the potential to develop into any one of the blood cells, but which one is determined by the chemical or physiologic stimulus that acts on the stem cell, each blood cell type has its own stimuli required to activate a pluripotential stem cell to start down the path of development of that specific blood cell
what is the name of the process that produces erythrocytes?
erythropoiesis
what is the name of the process that produces thrombocytes?
thrombopoiesis
what is the name of the process that produces leukocytes?
leukopoiesis
what physiologic state of blood acts as the stimulus for erythropoiesis?
hypoxia
how does a red blood cell carry oxygen to tissues?
erythrocytes carry oxygen to tissues through the production of the protein hemoglobin that binds with the oxygen, hemoglobin is a protein composed of two components—heme and globin, every heme group can carry a molecule of oxygen, four heme groups attach to each globin molecule, so each hemoglobin molecule can carry four molecules of oxygen; the oxygen attaches to iron atoms (Fe++) that are part of each heme group
where does bilirubin come from?
the heme pigment from hemoglobin is disassembled and eliminated from the body, to do this it is first converted to bilirubin, which is then carried to the liver by the plasma protein, albumin
what is the difference between anemia and polycythemia?
anemia occurs when an animal’s PCV is lower than the normal reference range and results in a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; polycythemia is when an animal’s PCV is higher than normal, or an increase above normal in the number of red blood cells
what is a cbc?
aka hemogram; it is used to evaluate the components of a blood sample: plasma or serum, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
how can you use the hematocrit to evaluate a patient for anemia?
the percentage of red blood cells will be decreased in anemia, which occurs when the animal’s red blood cell count is low or when the red blood cells are smaller than normal
what is the buffy coat?
the layer of white blood cells and platelets that settles on top of the red blood cell column in a packed cell volume tube after centrifugation; the thickness of the buffy coat can be used as an indicator of the total number of leukocytes and platelets in the sample
why are platelets not considered complete cells?
because platelets do not have nuclei, they are pieces of cytoplasm that bud off of giant, multinucleated bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes and are sent into circulation
what are the main functions of platelets?
hemostasis, the process by which blood is prevented from leaking out of damaged blood vessels; the two specific functions of platelets in hemostasis are the formation of a platelet plug and stabilization of that plug, making it irreversible
what is the common function of all while blood cells?
to provide defense for the body against foreign invaders
which cell is the only white blood cell not capable of phagocytosis?
lymphocytes
which white blood cell is known as pmn?
neutrophils; pmn is polymorphonuclear leukocytes
which white blood cell is know as the second line of defense after a microorganisim has entered the body?
neutrophils
which white blood cell would you likely see increased in peripheral blood during an allergic response?
eosinophils
which white blood cell is least commonly seen in peripheral blood?
basophils
which white blood cell is the largest cell normally seen in peripheral blood?
monocytes
what are the four types of lymphocytes?
t-cells, b-cells, plasma cells, and natural killer cells
how does lymph differ from plasma?
plasma is the fluid portion of whole blood and carries substances such as nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to bathe the cells and tissues; lymph comes from plasma but is different from plasma in that it is made up of more water, sugar, and electrolytes and less of the larger proteins found in plasma
where is lymph formed?
lymph starts out as excess interstitial tissue fluid picked up by small lymph capillaries, the excess tissue fluid accumulates when more fluid leaves blood capillaries than reenters them
what is the function of a lymph node?
lymph nodes trap antigens and other foreign material carried in lymph
which lymphatic organ is composed of white pulp and red pulp?
spleen
which lymphatic organ is large at birth and gradually gets smaller as the animal matures?
thymus
where is the galt located?
the lining of the intestine
what are the goals of transfusion therapy?
increase oxygen-carrying capacity, to replace coagulation factors or other proteins, and to replace volume
