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Animal Physiology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what is the crown?

A

the portion of the tooth above the gum line

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2
Q

what is the root?

A

the portion of the tooth below the gum line embedded in the alveoli below the gingiva

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3
Q

what is the dentin?

A

the largest component of a tooth, it lies under enamel and cementum

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4
Q

what is the cementum?

A

the thin, bone like covering over the roots of brachyodont teeth and most of the entire tooth superficial to the enamel of hypsodont teeth

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5
Q

what is the cemento-enamal junction?

A

where the enamel and cementum meet; a junction where the crown turns into the root

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6
Q

what is the periodontal ligament?

A

made of dense fibrous connective tissue that links cementum with the alveolar wall, anchoring the tooth into the jaw

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7
Q

what is stomatitis?

A

inflammation of the mouth that is not associated with the gingiva

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8
Q

what is gingivitis?

A

the most common dental disease; inflammation of the gingival membranes

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9
Q

what is the gingival sulcus?

A

the normal space between the gingiva and tooth;

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10
Q

what is periodontitis?

A

inflammation of the tissue around the teeth, the periodontium, often causing shrinkage of the gums and loosening of the teeth

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11
Q

what is the enamel?

A

it covers the crown of the tooth

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12
Q

what is the adult feline dental formula?

A

2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/2, M 1/1) = 30

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13
Q

what is the deciduous feline dental formula?

A

2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/2) = 26

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14
Q

what is the adult canine dental formula?

A

2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, 2/3) = 42

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15
Q

what is the deciduous canine dental formula?

A

2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/3) = 28

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16
Q

what is the adult equine dental formula?

A

2 (I 3/3, C 1(0)/1(0), PM 3(4)/3, M 3/3) = 38, 42, 44

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17
Q

what is the deciduous equine dental formula?

A

2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/3) = 28

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18
Q

what is the adult porcine dental formula?

A

2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 3/3) = 44

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19
Q

what is the deciduous porcine dental formula?

A

2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/3) = 28

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20
Q

what is the adult ruminant dental formula?

A

2 (I 0/3, C 0/1, PM 3/3, M 3/3) = 32

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21
Q

what is the deciduous ruminant dental formula?

A

2 (I 0/4, C 0/0, P 3/3) = 20

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22
Q

what is heterodont dentition mean?

A

refers to teeth of differing shapes and sizes

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23
Q

what is hypsodont teeth?

A

teeth that grow continuously through out the life of an animal because of a large reserve of crown beneath the gingiva

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24
Q

what is brachyodont teeth?

A

teeth with relatively small crowns and well developed roots

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25
Q

what is radicular hypsodont?

A

the apices of the roots remain open for a significant part of an animal’s life, leading to continued growth, but do eventually close and stop growing

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26
Q

what is aradicular hyposdont?

A

these teeth lack a true root and grow continuously throughout the life of an animal

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27
Q

what is the neck?

A

where the crown and root meet

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28
Q

what is the apex?

A

the tip of the root of a tooth and is where the blood vessels and nerves enter the tooth

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29
Q

how many roots does a dog’s top jaw cheek teeth have?

A

the first premolar has 1 root, the 2nd premolar has 2 roots, the 3rd has 2 roots, and the 4th has 3 roots

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30
Q

what is the pulp?

A

the part of the tooth that contains blood and nerves

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31
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

vitamins a, d, e, and k

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32
Q

what are the volatile fatty acids?

A

acetate, butyrate, and proprionate acids; acetate and butyrate are the fatty acids in milk and proprionate is especially important for cows

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33
Q

what are the hormones of the GI system?

A

gastrin, secretin, and cck

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34
Q

what are the hormones of the pancreas?

A

insulin and glucagon

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35
Q

what ways is the GI system stimulated?

A

neuronal, hormonal, and by enzymes

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36
Q

what are the 2 ways the GI system is stimulated neuronally?

A

by the CNS, including the long reflex of the ANS (acetylcholine) and the SNS (norepinephrine); and by the myenteric plexus

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37
Q

what kind of reflex is the CNS to the GI tract?

A

the signals have a long way to travel so it is a long reflex

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38
Q

what kind of reflex is the myenteric plexus to the GI tract?

A

there is a shorter distance of signals to travel so it is a short reflex

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39
Q

where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

between the mucosa and circular muscle layer of the GI tract and between the circular and longitudinal muscle layer of the GI tract

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40
Q

where is the most fat absorbed?

A

the small intestine

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41
Q

what area of the nervous system controls reticuloruminal activity?

A

the brainstem

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42
Q

which nervous system increases digestion?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system, by releasing acetoycholine

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43
Q

what is glucogenisis?

A

making sugar from non-sugar sources

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44
Q

what is ketosis?

A

the use of fatty acids during severe starvation, overwhelming the oxidative capacity of the liver in non-ruminants

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45
Q

where does most water absorption take place?

A

in the colon

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46
Q

what are two species that require microbial fermentation to digest their food?

A

any ruminant, horse or rabbit

47
Q

what is the purpose of stratified squamous epithelium that lines much of the GI tract?

A

protection

48
Q

how many layers of muscle make up the muscular layer of the wall of the intestines?

A

two: inner circular and outer longitudinal

49
Q

what are the two nerve plexuses that make up the intrinsic enteric nervous system?

A

submucosal plexus (meissner’s plexus) and the myenteric plexus (auerbach’s plexus)

50
Q

what does the endocrine hormone cholecystokinin (cck) do?

A

it inhibits gastric emptying

51
Q

what does the endocrine hormone gastrin do?

A

it stimulates stomach motility

52
Q

what are the two parts of the roof of the mouth?

A

hard palette and soft palette

53
Q

what are the four types of teeth that make up heterodont dentition

A

incisors, canines, premolars and molars

54
Q

the majority of the tongue is made up of what type of tissue?

A

muscle

55
Q

what substances besides water are found in saliva?

A

protein, electrolytes, IgA, glycoproteins, bicarbonate, and enzymes

56
Q

what are the three primary salivary glands in a dog?

A

parotid, sublingual, mandibular (zygomatic)

57
Q

what does TMJ mean?

A

temporomandibular joint

58
Q

when speaking of the movement of the mandible, what is translation?

A

movement to the side and forward

59
Q

what is the structure that covers the opening of the trachea when an animal is swallowing food?

A

the epiglottis

60
Q

what happens during prehension?

A

bringing food into the mouth

61
Q

what happens during deglutination?

A

swallowing

62
Q

what is mastication?

A

chewing

63
Q

what phase of swallowing is under conscious control?

A

the first phase that takes food to the pharynx

64
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

the pattern of muscular contractions and dilations that moves food forward through the esophagus and other parts of the digestive system

65
Q

what is the visceral peritoneum?

A

the serous membrane that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity

66
Q

what is the omentum?

A

the connecting peritoneum that links the stomach to the abdominal wall

67
Q

what are the four sections of the monogastric stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, corpus (body), pylorus

68
Q

what proteolytic enzyme in the stomach begins protein digestion?

A

pepsin

69
Q

what three actions result from acetylcholine release during cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

A

parietal cells release HCl, chief cells secrete pepsinogen, G cells secrete gastrin

70
Q

what is intrinsic factor?

A

secreted by parietal cells, it is necessary for absorption of B12 in the small intestine; except in the cat, the pancreas excretes the intrinsic factor

71
Q

which neurotransmitter, released by sympathetic neurons, causes a reduction in the frequency of smooth muscle contractions in the stomach?

A

norepinephrine

72
Q

what part of the monogastric stomach increases in size to accommodate a large meal?

A

the fundus

73
Q

what nerve can elicit opposite types of gastric movement through the release of different neurotransmitters in the myenteric plexus?

A

vagus nerve

74
Q

what are the two types of digestion that take place in the stomach?

A

mechanical and chemical

75
Q

what do repeating units of monosaccharides make up?

A

carbohydrates

76
Q

what are the four chambers of the ruminant stomach?

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

77
Q

which of the four chambers is the largest fermentation chamber and on which side of the animal would you look to see whether it was bloated?

A

the rumen on the left side

78
Q

which chamber is known as the many plies?

A

the omasum

79
Q

what is the importance of the esophageal groove?

A

it allows milk in a nursing ruminant to bypass the reticulorumen and go directly to the omasum; this prevents lactic acid buildup from fermentation in the reticulorumen.

80
Q

what is eructation?

A

the process by which gas produced by the fermentation process is released from the reticulorumen and passed up the esophagus and into the trachea, where it is expelled during expiration

81
Q

what does a cow do when she chews her cud?

A

rumination

82
Q

what is rumination?

A

the process by which food is brought back to the oral cavity by antiperistalsis in the esophagus; the purpose is to chew the food more thoroughly and to add more saliva

83
Q

what is the main source of energy in ruminants?

A

volatile fatty acids

84
Q

how are complex carbohydrates broken down in the reticulorumen?

A

monosaccharides or polysaccharides

85
Q

what are the three most important volatile fatty acids produced by conversion from pyruvate?

A

acetate, propionic acid, and butyric acid

86
Q

what three compounds can be found as lipids in grasses and plants?

A

triglycerides, glycolipids, free fatty acids

87
Q

where are proteins in ruminant diets broken down extracellularly by peptidase?

A

small peptide chains

88
Q

where does urea produced as a by-product of amino acid metabolism in the ruminant liver go for reuse?

A

reticulorumen

89
Q

what is gluconeogenesis and where in the ruminant does it mostly take place?

A

the production of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, and it mostly takes place in the liver

90
Q

what is the brush border in relation to the small intestine and what is its function?

A

the microvilli on the villi of epithelial cells lining the small intestine and they increase the surface area of the intestinal lumen resulting in a greater surface for absorption; they also contain enzymes necessary for membranous digestion

91
Q

what characteristics of chyme are necessary to stimulate the release of CCK?

A

high amino acid or fatty acid content, low pH

92
Q

which hormone, released in the duodenum, is responsible for decreased hydrochloric acid production in the stomach?

A

secretin

93
Q

what substance, released by the pancreas and liver into the duodenum, helps neutralize the acidic chyme leaving the stomach?

A

bicarbinate

94
Q

what substances are secreted by the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

lipase, amylase, nucleases, proteases, and proenzymes

95
Q

what three structures are found in the triad located at the periphery of a hepatic lobule?

A

portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

96
Q

what is the function of kupffer cells?

A

they are hepatic macrophages that engulf foreign substances

97
Q

where does the common bile duct enter the small intestine

A

duodenum through the sphincter of Oddi

98
Q

what common species of domestic animal does not have a gallbladder?

A

equine

99
Q

what is enterohepatic circulation?

A

the pathway that bile salts take from the liver to the intestines, to the portal vein, and back to the liver. This circulation bypasses systemic circulation

100
Q

unconjugated bilirubin in blood is not water soluble, so how does it become soluble?

A

it combines with the plasma protein albumin and is transported to the liver, where it is taken in by a hepatocyte; in the hepatocyte, it is conjugated with glucuronic acid and becomes water soluble

101
Q

what is the major storage form of glucose?

A

glycogen

102
Q

how are triglycerides in adipose tissue converted into glucose for energy?

A

lipase breaks down the triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acids that are transported to various tissues, including the liver.; in the liver glycerol is converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis; in other tissues the fatty acids are oxidized to produce energy

103
Q

which plasma protein produced in the liver plays a crucial role in fluid movement between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

albumin

104
Q

which movement in the small intestine propels intestinal content toward the rectum?

A

peristalsis

105
Q

in the luminal phase of chemical digestion, of starches, which enzyme, secreted by the pancreas, is needed?

A

amylase

106
Q

in the membranous phase of chemical digestion of sugars, where are the necessary enzymes located?

A

embedded in the brush border of the intestinal epithelium

107
Q

what is an exopeptidase?

A

an enzyme that breaks off amino acids at the end of a polypeptide chain

108
Q

what does it mean when both glucose and amino acids are brought into a cell through secondary active transport?

A

the sodium-potassium pump is creating a concentration gradient that favors movement of sodium into a cell; glucose and amino acids can ride along with the sodium into the cell, even against a favorable concentration gradient

109
Q

what are the four parts of the large intestine?

A

cecum, colon, rectum, and anus

110
Q

what is a common species of animal that has a short ascending colon?

A

dog, cat, or any carnivore

111
Q

what is the purpose of sacculations?

A

they prolong the time contents stay in the large intestine; they create extra volume; they allow for more time for absorption and microbial digestion

112
Q

what are the four movements associated with the large intestine?

A

peristalsis, antiperistalsis, segmentation, and mass movement

113
Q

how are feces formed?

A

water is removed from chyme

114
Q

what species has a spiral shaped ascending colon?

A

pig

Animal Physiology (17 decks)

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