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Animal Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

non-excitable cells that provide structural support or that serve important functions in the nervous system

A

support cells

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2
Q

glial cells

A

aka support cells

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3
Q

atom with a positive or negative charge

A

ion

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4
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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5
Q

nervous system that lies outside the brain and spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

excitable and can communicate with muscle and glands, receive and integrate signals at 1 location and transmit action potential at another, basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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7
Q

cell that receives signal from a neuron or hormone, can be another neuron, muscle or gland

A

target cell

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8
Q

cell body, receptive portion, transmitting portion

A

3 neuron characteristics

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9
Q

located centrally, main nutritional and metabolic region, receives signal and sends toward axon

A

cell body/soma/perikaryon

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10
Q

extend from soma, branching processes, receive signal (afferent), may serve as sensory receptors

A

dendrites

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11
Q

thin and extend from soma, generates action potential/nerve impulse and conducts (efferent) it to the next cell, varies in length

A

axons

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12
Q

long distance regenerative electrical signal transmitted along an axon

A

action potential

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13
Q

junctions between a neuron and its target cell

A

synapses

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14
Q

each neuron has a signal which arises from the cell body, 1st portion of the axon

A

axon hillock

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15
Q

a branch of an axon

A

axon terminal

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16
Q

insulation surrounding axons, formed by support cells that wrap repeatedly around an axon forming a thick layer of cell membrane

A

myelin sheath

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17
Q

1 type of support cell in the nervous system, found in PNS, form myelin sheath around axons

A

schwann cells

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18
Q

tiny areas of bare axons between neighboring segments of myelin sheath, in a myelinated axon, charge forms across the membrane only at the nodes so the action potential appears to jump along the axon

A

nodes of ranvier

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19
Q

selective, passive or active, regionally located, control movement of ions across the neuronal membrane, these tiny structures make neurons excitable

A

ion channels

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20
Q

proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

A

integral proteins

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21
Q

depends on charge of ion, how much water the ion attracts and holds around it

A

channel selectivity

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22
Q

ion channels that can be opened or closed by gates

A

active channels

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23
Q

always open, resting membrane potential, located in the cell membrane, cell body, and axon

A

passive channels

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24
Q

gates are opened or closed by changes in the membrane voltage, located on axon hillock, myelinated and unmyelinated sheaths, and nodes of ranvier, action potential

A

voltage gated channels

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25
Q

the electrical potential or voltage across a cell membrane that results from the separation of charged particles across the membrane

A

membrane potential

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26
Q

a chemical released at a synapse, GABA or ACH

A

neurotransmiter

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27
Q

gates that open or close when a neurotransmitter binds to them, located in dendrites, and cell body, responsible for synaptic response

A

chemically gated channels

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28
Q

a short distance electrical signal that can vary in amplitude

A

synaptic potential

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29
Q

sensory functions, integrating functions, motor functions

A

3 main activities

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30
Q

conduct impulses toward CNS, also called sensory nerves, located in the dorsal horns

A

afferent nerve fibers

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31
Q

conduct impulses away from CNS, also called motor nerves, located in ventral horns

A

efferent nerve fibers

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32
Q

nerves may contain both kinds of nerve fibers

A

PNS mixed nerves

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33
Q

coordination of automatic body functions (ie stimulation of digestive juices in response to ingestion of a meal)

A

autonomic nervous system

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34
Q

conscious or voluntary control of skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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35
Q

specialized molecule to help maintain cell resting state
Na pumped out
K pumped in

A

Na K pump

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36
Q

difference in electrical charge across a neuron’s membrane, a net negative charge

A

resting membrane potential

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37
Q

neuron is not being stimulated, Na has been pumped out of cell, K has been pumped in, net negative charge inside the cell

A

resting state

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38
Q

neuron receives external stimulus, Na channel opens on neuron cell membrane, Na neurons flow into cell by passive diffusion, charge now positive inside cell

A

depolarization

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39
Q

switching of electrical charge from negative to a positive

A

action potential

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40
Q

Na channels are closing, K channels are opening, K ions flow out of cell, net charge is returning to negative

A

beginning of repolarization

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41
Q

sufficient outflow of K ions restored to net negative charge inside the cell
Na and K ions are on opposite sides of cell membrane from where they started
ion distribution is reversed

A

repolarization

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42
Q

electric charges flip across cell membrane (depolarization) following by unflipping of the electric charges (repolarization)
an area is depolarized, an adjacent area is stimulated, spreading a wave of depolarization

A

nerve impulse

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43
Q

stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization and to generate a nerve impulse

A

threshold stimulus

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44
Q

very brief time period when a neuron is insensitive to additional stimuli

A

refractory period

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45
Q

during Na influx and early K outflow

A

absolute refractory period

46
Q

during end of repolarization period, possible to stimulate another depolarization if stimulus is very large

A

relative refractory period

47
Q

gap between 2 adjacent neurons or between a neuron and a target cell

A

synaptic cleft

48
Q

brings depolarization to the synapse and releases neurotransmitter

A

presynaptic neuron

49
Q

contains receptors for the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron

A

postsynaptic neuron

50
Q

perpetuation of the nerve impulse from one neuron to the next cell
depolarization wave triggers Ca influx into synaptic knob membrane
Ca causes vesicles to dump neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

A

synaptic transmission

51
Q

usually cause influx of Na so postsynaptic membrane moves toward threshold, beginning a new impulse

A

excitatory neurotransmitters

52
Q

make inside of cell more negative, moving the charge within the postsynaptic cell father away from the threshold

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters

53
Q

excitatory at somatic motor neurons, inhibitory is PSNS stimulation of the heart, primary neurotransmitter for parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetycholine

54
Q

norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine neurotransmitters

A

catecholamines

55
Q

brain, inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

56
Q

spinal cord, inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

glycine

57
Q

somatic nervous system fight or flight

primary neurotransmitter for sympathetic nervous system

A

norepinephrine

58
Q

adrenal release, somatic nervous system fight or flight

A

epinephrine

59
Q

autonomic fine muscle function

A

dopamine

60
Q

the action stimulated depends on the type of neurotransmitter released (excitatory or inhibitory)

A

CNS post synaptic receptors

61
Q

contains most of the neuron cell bodies

A

gray matter

62
Q

contains most of the myelinated nerve fibers

A

white matter

63
Q

functions associated with learning and intelligence
receives and interprets sensory information
regulates conscious behavior

A

cerebrum

64
Q

responsible for coordinated movement, balance, posture and complex reflexes

A

cerebellum

65
Q

role in temperature regulation, hunger, thirst and rage/anger responses

A

diencephalon

66
Q

autonomic, cranial nerves originate here, responsible for maintenance of basic support functions of the body

A

brain stem

67
Q

connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord, supply nutrients and oxygen and provide cushioning

A

meninges (DAP)

68
Q

fluid between layers of meninges and in canals and cavities inside brain and spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid

69
Q

separates capillaries in the brain from nervous tissue

A

blood brain barrier

70
Q

12 pairs of nerves in PNS that originate directly from the brain, each may contain motor, sensory and mixed neurons

A

cranial nerves

71
Q

conducts sensory information and motor instructions between brain and rest of the body

A

spinal cord

72
Q

sensory or afferent nerve fibers

A

dorsal nerve roots

73
Q

motor or efferent nerve fibers

A

ventral nerve roots

74
Q

cluster of neuroal bodies outside the CNS

A

ganglio

75
Q

neurons in the cell body in the brain or spinal cord

A

preganglionic neuron

76
Q

neurons connected to a target organ

A

postganglionic neuron

77
Q

part of the autonomic nervous system, fight or flight response, helps the body cope in emergency situations

A

sympathetic nervous system

78
Q

part of the autonomic nervous system, rest and restore, brings the body back to resting state, facilitates all body processes to replace resources used during the emergency

A

parasympathetic nervous system

79
Q

neurons that release norepinephrine

A

adrenergic neurons

80
Q

alpha, beta 1 and beta 2, all stimulated norepinephrine

A

3 types of receptors affected by sympathetic nervous system

81
Q

vasoconstriction of skin, GI tract, kidney

A

alpha

82
Q

increases heart rate and force of contraction

A

beta 1

83
Q

bronchodilation

A

beta 2

84
Q

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

A

2 types acetylcholine receptors

85
Q

found on postganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A

nicotinic receptors

86
Q

on tissues supplied by postganglionic neuron of parasympathetic nervous system

A

muscarinic receptors

87
Q

rapid, automatic response to stimuli, designed to protect the body and maintain homeostasis

A

reflexes

88
Q

somatic, autonomic, contralateral (opposite sides), ipsilateral (same sides)

A

4 types of reflexes

89
Q

reflex arc

A
  1. sensory receptor detects a change
  2. then sends action potential along sensory neuron to gray matter of spinal cord or brain stem
  3. sensory neuron synapses with other neurons
  4. integrated response is sent out by motor neuron to target organ
90
Q

types of reflexes

A 
stretch
withdrawal
crossed extender
palpebral
pupillary light respons
91
Q

involves a sensory neuron and a motor neuron, only 1 synapse and no interneurons

A

stretch reflex

92
Q

several interneuron synapses in different segments on the same side of the spinal cord, results in contraction or flexing of muscles

A

withdrawal reflex

93
Q

afferent sensory impulse synapses with interneurons crosses to other side of spinal cord and stimulates muscles that extend the opposite limb

A

crossed extender reflex

94
Q

light tap on medial canthus of eye produces blind of eyelids, cranial nerve 5 and jaw tone

A

palpebral reflex

95
Q

normal response to shining light in the eye of an animal is for iris in both eyes to constrict

A

pupillary light reflex (PLR)

96
Q

what is another name for nerve fibers?

A

axons

97
Q

as opposed to the nervous system, how does the endocrine system work?

A

it utilizes hormones to cause an effect in tissues

98
Q

what part of the brain controls temperature regulation and thirst?

A

diencephalon

99
Q

turning the head is an example of which nervous system?

A

somatic nervous system

100
Q

in a repolarized neuron, where is the sodium and potassium the highest?

A

potassium is highest outside the cell and sodium is highest inside the cell

101
Q

what is the name of the period when a neuron that normally generates a nerve impulse can not generate another?

A

refractory period

102
Q

what part of the spinal cord carries afferent sensory fibers?

A

dorsal horn

103
Q

what gland in the body produces a hormone that complements the action of the hormones produced by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

adrenal gland

104
Q

what is the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

acetylcholine

105
Q

what are the two receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

nictorinic and muscarinic

106
Q

what are the three receptors for the sympathetic nervous system and where are they found?

A

alpha - vasoconstriction of the gi tract
beta 1 - heart
beta 2 - bronchioldilation of the lungs

107
Q

what neurotransmitter stimulates the gi tract?

A

acetylcholine

108
Q

when the spinal cord is injured how will the nervous system caudal to the area of the the injury respond?

A

it will have an increased response so it will be hyper reflexive

109
Q

what reflex results in both the ipsilateral and contralateral response

A

crossed extender reflex

110
Q

what is the term used to convert a mechanical stimulus into an electrical stimulus that travels to the central nervous system?

A

transduction

Animal Physiology (17 decks)

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