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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

non-excitable cells that provide structural support or that serve important functions in the nervous system

A

support cells

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2
Q

glial cells

A

aka support cells

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3
Q

atom with a positive or negative charge

A

ion

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4
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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5
Q

nervous system that lies outside the brain and spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

excitable and can communicate with muscle and glands, receive and integrate signals at 1 location and transmit action potential at another, basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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7
Q

cell that receives signal from a neuron or hormone, can be another neuron, muscle or gland

A

target cell

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8
Q

cell body, receptive portion, transmitting portion

A

3 neuron characteristics

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9
Q

located centrally, main nutritional and metabolic region, receives signal and sends toward axon

A

cell body/soma/perikaryon

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10
Q

extend from soma, branching processes, receive signal (afferent), may serve as sensory receptors

A

dendrites

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11
Q

thin and extend from soma, generates action potential/nerve impulse and conducts (efferent) it to the next cell, varies in length

A

axons

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12
Q

long distance regenerative electrical signal transmitted along an axon

A

action potential

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13
Q

junctions between a neuron and its target cell

A

synapses

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14
Q

each neuron has a signal which arises from the cell body, 1st portion of the axon

A

axon hillock

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15
Q

a branch of an axon

A

axon terminal

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16
Q

insulation surrounding axons, formed by support cells that wrap repeatedly around an axon forming a thick layer of cell membrane

A

myelin sheath

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17
Q

1 type of support cell in the nervous system, found in PNS, form myelin sheath around axons

A

schwann cells

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18
Q

tiny areas of bare axons between neighboring segments of myelin sheath, in a myelinated axon, charge forms across the membrane only at the nodes so the action potential appears to jump along the axon

A

nodes of ranvier

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19
Q

selective, passive or active, regionally located, control movement of ions across the neuronal membrane, these tiny structures make neurons excitable

A

ion channels

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20
Q

proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

A

integral proteins

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21
Q

depends on charge of ion, how much water the ion attracts and holds around it

A

channel selectivity

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22
Q

ion channels that can be opened or closed by gates

A

active channels

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23
Q

always open, resting membrane potential, located in the cell membrane, cell body, and axon

A

passive channels

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24
Q

gates are opened or closed by changes in the membrane voltage, located on axon hillock, myelinated and unmyelinated sheaths, and nodes of ranvier, action potential

A

voltage gated channels

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25
the electrical potential or voltage across a cell membrane that results from the separation of charged particles across the membrane
membrane potential
26
a chemical released at a synapse, GABA or ACH
neurotransmiter
27
gates that open or close when a neurotransmitter binds to them, located in dendrites, and cell body, responsible for synaptic response
chemically gated channels
28
a short distance electrical signal that can vary in amplitude
synaptic potential
29
sensory functions, integrating functions, motor functions
3 main activities
30
conduct impulses toward CNS, also called sensory nerves, located in the dorsal horns
afferent nerve fibers
31
conduct impulses away from CNS, also called motor nerves, located in ventral horns
efferent nerve fibers
32
nerves may contain both kinds of nerve fibers
PNS mixed nerves
33
coordination of automatic body functions (ie stimulation of digestive juices in response to ingestion of a meal)
autonomic nervous system
34
conscious or voluntary control of skeletal muscles
somatic nervous system
35
specialized molecule to help maintain cell resting state Na pumped out K pumped in
Na K pump
36
difference in electrical charge across a neuron's membrane, a net negative charge
resting membrane potential
37
neuron is not being stimulated, Na has been pumped out of cell, K has been pumped in, net negative charge inside the cell
resting state
38
neuron receives external stimulus, Na channel opens on neuron cell membrane, Na neurons flow into cell by passive diffusion, charge now positive inside cell
depolarization
39
switching of electrical charge from negative to a positive
action potential
40
Na channels are closing, K channels are opening, K ions flow out of cell, net charge is returning to negative
beginning of repolarization
41
sufficient outflow of K ions restored to net negative charge inside the cell Na and K ions are on opposite sides of cell membrane from where they started ion distribution is reversed
repolarization
42
electric charges flip across cell membrane (depolarization) following by unflipping of the electric charges (repolarization) an area is depolarized, an adjacent area is stimulated, spreading a wave of depolarization
nerve impulse
43
stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization and to generate a nerve impulse
threshold stimulus
44
very brief time period when a neuron is insensitive to additional stimuli
refractory period
45
during Na influx and early K outflow
absolute refractory period
46
during end of repolarization period, possible to stimulate another depolarization if stimulus is very large
relative refractory period
47
gap between 2 adjacent neurons or between a neuron and a target cell
synaptic cleft
48
brings depolarization to the synapse and releases neurotransmitter
presynaptic neuron
49
contains receptors for the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron
postsynaptic neuron
50
perpetuation of the nerve impulse from one neuron to the next cell depolarization wave triggers Ca influx into synaptic knob membrane Ca causes vesicles to dump neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
synaptic transmission
51
usually cause influx of Na so postsynaptic membrane moves toward threshold, beginning a new impulse
excitatory neurotransmitters
52
make inside of cell more negative, moving the charge within the postsynaptic cell father away from the threshold
inhibitory neurotransmitters
53
excitatory at somatic motor neurons, inhibitory is PSNS stimulation of the heart, primary neurotransmitter for parasympathetic nervous system
acetycholine
54
norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine neurotransmitters
catecholamines
55
brain, inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
56
spinal cord, inhibitory neurotransmitter
glycine
57
somatic nervous system fight or flight | primary neurotransmitter for sympathetic nervous system
norepinephrine
58
adrenal release, somatic nervous system fight or flight
epinephrine
59
autonomic fine muscle function
dopamine
60
the action stimulated depends on the type of neurotransmitter released (excitatory or inhibitory)
CNS post synaptic receptors
61
contains most of the neuron cell bodies
gray matter
62
contains most of the myelinated nerve fibers
white matter
63
functions associated with learning and intelligence receives and interprets sensory information regulates conscious behavior
cerebrum
64
responsible for coordinated movement, balance, posture and complex reflexes
cerebellum
65
role in temperature regulation, hunger, thirst and rage/anger responses
diencephalon
66
autonomic, cranial nerves originate here, responsible for maintenance of basic support functions of the body
brain stem
67
connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord, supply nutrients and oxygen and provide cushioning
meninges (DAP)
68
fluid between layers of meninges and in canals and cavities inside brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
69
separates capillaries in the brain from nervous tissue
blood brain barrier
70
12 pairs of nerves in PNS that originate directly from the brain, each may contain motor, sensory and mixed neurons
cranial nerves
71
conducts sensory information and motor instructions between brain and rest of the body
spinal cord
72
sensory or afferent nerve fibers
dorsal nerve roots
73
motor or efferent nerve fibers
ventral nerve roots
74
cluster of neuroal bodies outside the CNS
ganglio
75
neurons in the cell body in the brain or spinal cord
preganglionic neuron
76
neurons connected to a target organ
postganglionic neuron
77
part of the autonomic nervous system, fight or flight response, helps the body cope in emergency situations
sympathetic nervous system
78
part of the autonomic nervous system, rest and restore, brings the body back to resting state, facilitates all body processes to replace resources used during the emergency
parasympathetic nervous system
79
neurons that release norepinephrine
adrenergic neurons
80
alpha, beta 1 and beta 2, all stimulated norepinephrine
3 types of receptors affected by sympathetic nervous system
81
vasoconstriction of skin, GI tract, kidney
alpha
82
increases heart rate and force of contraction
beta 1
83
bronchodilation
beta 2
84
nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
2 types acetylcholine receptors
85
found on postganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
nicotinic receptors
86
on tissues supplied by postganglionic neuron of parasympathetic nervous system
muscarinic receptors
87
rapid, automatic response to stimuli, designed to protect the body and maintain homeostasis
reflexes
88
somatic, autonomic, contralateral (opposite sides), ipsilateral (same sides)
4 types of reflexes
89
reflex arc
1. sensory receptor detects a change 2. then sends action potential along sensory neuron to gray matter of spinal cord or brain stem 3. sensory neuron synapses with other neurons 4. integrated response is sent out by motor neuron to target organ
90
types of reflexes
``` stretch withdrawal crossed extender palpebral pupillary light respons ```
91
involves a sensory neuron and a motor neuron, only 1 synapse and no interneurons
stretch reflex
92
several interneuron synapses in different segments on the same side of the spinal cord, results in contraction or flexing of muscles
withdrawal reflex
93
afferent sensory impulse synapses with interneurons crosses to other side of spinal cord and stimulates muscles that extend the opposite limb
crossed extender reflex
94
light tap on medial canthus of eye produces blind of eyelids, cranial nerve 5 and jaw tone
palpebral reflex
95
normal response to shining light in the eye of an animal is for iris in both eyes to constrict
pupillary light reflex (PLR)
96
what is another name for nerve fibers?
axons
97
as opposed to the nervous system, how does the endocrine system work?
it utilizes hormones to cause an effect in tissues
98
what part of the brain controls temperature regulation and thirst?
diencephalon
99
turning the head is an example of which nervous system?
somatic nervous system
100
in a repolarized neuron, where is the sodium and potassium the highest?
potassium is highest outside the cell and sodium is highest inside the cell
101
what is the name of the period when a neuron that normally generates a nerve impulse can not generate another?
refractory period
102
what part of the spinal cord carries afferent sensory fibers?
dorsal horn
103
what gland in the body produces a hormone that complements the action of the hormones produced by the sympathetic nervous system?
adrenal gland
104
what is the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
105
what are the two receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system?
nictorinic and muscarinic
106
what are the three receptors for the sympathetic nervous system and where are they found?
alpha - vasoconstriction of the gi tract beta 1 - heart beta 2 - bronchioldilation of the lungs
107
what neurotransmitter stimulates the gi tract?
acetylcholine
108
when the spinal cord is injured how will the nervous system caudal to the area of the the injury respond?
it will have an increased response so it will be hyper reflexive
109
what reflex results in both the ipsilateral and contralateral response
crossed extender reflex
110
what is the term used to convert a mechanical stimulus into an electrical stimulus that travels to the central nervous system?
transduction

Animal Physiology (17 decks)

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