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Animal Physiology > Cardiovascular Study Questions > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Study Questions Flashcards

1
Q

which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

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2
Q

which type of blood vessel carries blood toward the heart?

A

veins

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3
Q

what are two parts of the cardiovascular system?

A

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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4
Q

which part of the cardiovascular system carries blood to and from the left rear leg of a pony?

A

systemic circulation

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5
Q

what structures are found in the mediastinum?

A

heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, nerves

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6
Q

which is located more caudally in a standing pig, the base of the heart or the apex?

A

the apex

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7
Q

what is the difference between the endocardium and the epicardium?

A

the endocardium is the membrane that lines the chambers of the heart; it lies on the internal surface of the myocardium; the epicardium lies on the external surface of the myocardium and is synonymous with the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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8
Q

which sits closer to the base of the heart, the left atrium or the right ventricle?

A

the left atrium

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9
Q

what is the name of the structure that is a continuation of the myocardium that forms a wall between the two atria?

A

interatrial septum

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10
Q

what is the name of the structure that is a continuation of the myocardium that forms a wall between the two ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

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11
Q

why is the wall of the right ventricle thinner than the wall of the left ventricle?

A

because the right ventricle doesn’t have to pump as hard to get blood into pulmonary circulation as the left ventricle does to get blood into systemic circulation

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12
Q

what is the function of the chordae tendonae?

A

to prevent the AV valves from opening backward into atria

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13
Q

what is another name for the right av valve?

A

tricuspid valve

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14
Q

what is another name for the right ventricle semilunar valve?

A

pulmonary valve

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15
Q

what is another name for the left av valve?

A

mitral/bicuspid valve

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16
Q

what is another name for the left ventricular semilunar valve?

A

aortic valve

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17
Q

what is the order in which blood flows?

A

aortic valve, aorta, systemic circulation, vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary circulation, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle

18
Q

what is the pacemaker of the heart and where is it located?

A

the SA node, in the wall of the right atrium

19
Q

what four conductors make up the rapid conduction system for an impulse created by the heart’s pacemaker?

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of his, purkinje fiber system

20
Q

what is the working phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

systole

21
Q

what is happening in the other three heart chambers during left atrial diastole?

A

right atrial diastole, right and left ventricular systole

22
Q

when the mitral valve is forced closed, it produces part of which heart sound, the first or the second?

A

first sound; the sound of the AV valves closing (lub)

23
Q

stroke volume is a measurement of what?

A

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during one contraction

24
Q

if the cardiac cycle output and stroke volume both decrease, what has to happen to the heart rate to achieve equilibrium?

A

the heart rate will have to increase

25
Q

what is the difference between the preload and the afterload in reference to the stroke volume?

A

the preload is the amount of blood the ventricle receives from the atrium; the afterload is the amount of physical resistance presented by the aorta

26
Q

how could mitral valve stenosis affect the stroke volume?

A

it could decrease stroke volume because the valve is not opening all the way so less blood is being delivered to the ventricle. In other words, the preload will decrease.

27
Q

from the aortic valve in the left ventricle to the right atrium, what type of blood vessels will blood travel through?

A

aorta, large to small elastic arteries, large to small muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, small to large veins, vena cava, right atrium

28
Q

is the coronary artery a muscular or elastic artery, and why?

A

elastic because it has to be able to withstand the high pressure of the blood leaving the left ventricle via the aorta

29
Q

in a pregnant ewe, which are the only two veins that are carrying oxygenated blood?

A

the pulmonary vein that carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the pulmonary circulation and the umbilical vein that carries oxygenated blood from the mother to the fetus

30
Q

what two bypass structures are found in the fetus that allow most of its blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation?

A

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

31
Q

what is the difference between heart rate and pulse?

A

the heart rate measures the number of ventricular contractions in 1 minute; the pulse measures the rate of alternating stretching and recoiling of an elastic artery wall as blood passes through it over 1 minute

32
Q

what does systolic blood pressure measure?

A

the pressure produced in an artery by the blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole

33
Q

what is the difference between ecg and an echo?

A

the ecg detects the electrical activity in the heart and is used to evaluate the cardiac conduction system; the echo uses ultrasound waves bounced off the heart to evaluate size, shape, and movement of the heart

34
Q

which vein can be used in most common animal species for venipuncture?

A

the bilateral jugular veins located in jugular grooves on the ventral aspect of the neck from the mandible to the shoulder

35
Q

what lead is placed on the right forelimb for an ecg?

A

white

36
Q

what does the formation of the s wave represent?

A

the impulses traveling through the ventricular base

37
Q

what is ventricular isovolumetric contraction?

A

the interval when both the semilunar and atriventricular valves are closed

38
Q

what controls heart rate?

A

autonomic nervous system - sns and psns; humoral factos - beta 1 receptors and muscarinic 2 receptors

39
Q

what controls cardiac stroke volume?

A

preload, afterload, contractility, distensibility, synergy of ventricular contraction

40
Q

how does the psns effect heart rate?

A

psns releases acetylcholine which decreases the heart rate

41
Q

how does the sns effect heart rate?

A

sns releases norepinephrine which results in increasing the heart rate

Animal Physiology (17 decks)

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