Cardiovascular Study Questions

Question 1

which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Answer 1

arteries

Question 2

which type of blood vessel carries blood toward the heart?

Answer 2

veins

Question 3

what are two parts of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 3

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

Question 4

which part of the cardiovascular system carries blood to and from the left rear leg of a pony?

Answer 4

systemic circulation

Question 5

what structures are found in the mediastinum?

Answer 5

heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, nerves

Question 6

which is located more caudally in a standing pig, the base of the heart or the apex?

Answer 6

the apex

Question 7

what is the difference between the endocardium and the epicardium?

Answer 7

the endocardium is the membrane that lines the chambers of the heart; it lies on the internal surface of the myocardium; the epicardium lies on the external surface of the myocardium and is synonymous with the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Question 8

which sits closer to the base of the heart, the left atrium or the right ventricle?

Answer 8

the left atrium

Question 9

what is the name of the structure that is a continuation of the myocardium that forms a wall between the two atria?

Answer 9

interatrial septum

Question 10

what is the name of the structure that is a continuation of the myocardium that forms a wall between the two ventricles?

Answer 10

interventricular septum

Question 11

why is the wall of the right ventricle thinner than the wall of the left ventricle?

Answer 11

because the right ventricle doesn’t have to pump as hard to get blood into pulmonary circulation as the left ventricle does to get blood into systemic circulation

Question 12

what is the function of the chordae tendonae?

Answer 12

to prevent the AV valves from opening backward into atria

Question 13

what is another name for the right av valve?

Answer 13

tricuspid valve

Question 14

what is another name for the right ventricle semilunar valve?

Answer 14

pulmonary valve

Question 15

what is another name for the left av valve?

Answer 15

mitral/bicuspid valve

Question 16

what is another name for the left ventricular semilunar valve?

Answer 16

aortic valve

Question 17

what is the order in which blood flows?

Answer 17

aortic valve, aorta, systemic circulation, vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary circulation, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle

Question 18

what is the pacemaker of the heart and where is it located?

Answer 18

the SA node, in the wall of the right atrium

Question 19

what four conductors make up the rapid conduction system for an impulse created by the heart’s pacemaker?

Answer 19

SA node, AV node, bundle of his, purkinje fiber system

Question 20

what is the working phase of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 20

systole

Question 21

what is happening in the other three heart chambers during left atrial diastole?

Answer 21

right atrial diastole, right and left ventricular systole

Question 22

when the mitral valve is forced closed, it produces part of which heart sound, the first or the second?

Answer 22

first sound; the sound of the AV valves closing (lub)

Question 23

stroke volume is a measurement of what?

Answer 23

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during one contraction

Question 24

if the cardiac cycle output and stroke volume both decrease, what has to happen to the heart rate to achieve equilibrium?

Answer 24

the heart rate will have to increase

Question 25

what is the difference between the preload and the afterload in reference to the stroke volume?

Answer 25

the preload is the amount of blood the ventricle receives from the atrium; the afterload is the amount of physical resistance presented by the aorta

Question 26

how could mitral valve stenosis affect the stroke volume?

Answer 26

it could decrease stroke volume because the valve is not opening all the way so less blood is being delivered to the ventricle. In other words, the preload will decrease.

Question 27

from the aortic valve in the left ventricle to the right atrium, what type of blood vessels will blood travel through?

Answer 27

aorta, large to small elastic arteries, large to small muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, small to large veins, vena cava, right atrium

Question 28

is the coronary artery a muscular or elastic artery, and why?

Answer 28

elastic because it has to be able to withstand the high pressure of the blood leaving the left ventricle via the aorta

Question 29

in a pregnant ewe, which are the only two veins that are carrying oxygenated blood?

Answer 29

the pulmonary vein that carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the pulmonary circulation and the umbilical vein that carries oxygenated blood from the mother to the fetus

Question 30

what two bypass structures are found in the fetus that allow most of its blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 30

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

Question 31

what is the difference between heart rate and pulse?

Answer 31

the heart rate measures the number of ventricular contractions in 1 minute; the pulse measures the rate of alternating stretching and recoiling of an elastic artery wall as blood passes through it over 1 minute

Question 32

what does systolic blood pressure measure?

Answer 32

the pressure produced in an artery by the blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole

Question 33

what is the difference between ecg and an echo?

Answer 33

the ecg detects the electrical activity in the heart and is used to evaluate the cardiac conduction system; the echo uses ultrasound waves bounced off the heart to evaluate size, shape, and movement of the heart

Question 34

which vein can be used in most common animal species for venipuncture?

Answer 34

the bilateral jugular veins located in jugular grooves on the ventral aspect of the neck from the mandible to the shoulder

Question 35

what lead is placed on the right forelimb for an ecg?

Answer 35

white

Question 36

what does the formation of the s wave represent?

Answer 36

the impulses traveling through the ventricular base

Question 37

what is ventricular isovolumetric contraction?

Answer 37

the interval when both the semilunar and atriventricular valves are closed

Question 38

what controls heart rate?

Answer 38

autonomic nervous system - sns and psns; humoral factos - beta 1 receptors and muscarinic 2 receptors

Question 39

what controls cardiac stroke volume?

Answer 39

preload, afterload, contractility, distensibility, synergy of ventricular contraction

Question 40

how does the psns effect heart rate?

Answer 40

psns releases acetylcholine which decreases the heart rate

Question 41

how does the sns effect heart rate?

Answer 41

sns releases norepinephrine which results in increasing the heart rate