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Animal Physiology > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

t-tubules of skeletal muscle are extensions of what?

A

the sarcolemma

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2
Q

an ‘a’ band within a skeletal muscle fiber contains what?

A

actin and myosin filaments

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3
Q

what role does calcium play in muscle contraction?

A

it binds to troponin allowing exposure of the actin binding sites

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4
Q

compared to skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells are?

A

autonomic

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5
Q

what are the characteristics of muscle?

A

excitability, contractibility, extensibility, and elasticity

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6
Q

what are the primary functions of muscle?

A

provide motion, maintain posture, and generate heat

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7
Q

what are the types of muscle?

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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8
Q

multiple nuclei and long fiber like shape; very long and very thin

A

skeletal muscle - voluntary, ambulation of skeleton

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9
Q

one nuclei, tapered ends and spindle shaped

A

smooth muscle - involuntary, based on needs of the body

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10
Q

one nuclei with a branching network of cells and intercalated disks connecting cells

A

cardiac muscle - involuntary

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11
Q

well-defined group of cells surrounded by fibrous connective sheath

A

epimysium

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12
Q

attach to bones by fibrous tissue bands

A

tendons

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13
Q

attach to bones or muscles by broad sheets of fibrous tissue

A

aponeuroses

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14
Q

the most prominent aponeuroses that runs lengthwise between the muscles on an animal’s ventral midline

A

linea alba

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15
Q

more stable site, does not move when muscle contracts

A

origin of muscle attachement

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16
Q

site that undergoes the most movement when a muscle contracts

A

insertion site of muscle attachement

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17
Q

why are origin/insertion sites important?

A

to determine if either is the cause of an immobile of painful joint, and they are used as a guide in surgery, cutting, retraction or used in closure or can be affected by the procedure

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18
Q

types of skeletal muscle actions

A
  • agonist
  • antagonist
  • synergist
  • fixator
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19
Q

directly produces a desired movement

A

agonist aka prime mover

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20
Q

directly opposes the action of the agonist

A

antagonist

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21
Q

contracts at the same time as agonist to assist its action

A

synergist

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22
Q

stabilizes joint to allow other movements

A

fixator

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23
Q

hold components of muscle fibers together, contain blood vessels and nerves, and are continuous with tendons or aponeuroses

A

connective tissue layers

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24
Q

order of muscle structure

A

outside in:

  • epimysium
  • perimysium
  • endomysium
  • fascicles
  • muscle fiber
  • myofibril
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25
Q

fibrous outside layer composed of tough collagen fibers that enclose everything else

A

epimysium

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26
Q

composed of reticular fibers and thick collagen fibers; separates groups of fascicles

A

perimysium

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27
Q

composed of fine, reticular fibers; separates individual fascicles within their groups

A

endomysium

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28
Q

groups of muscle fibers

A

fascicles

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29
Q

composed of myofibrils; multinucleate

A

muscle fibers

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30
Q

form interior muscle fibers; made up of many protein filaments; many sacromeres lined up end to end equals one

A

myofibrils

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31
Q

muscle cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

32
Q

a storage organelle for calcium ions

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

the basic contracting unit of skeletal muscle

A

sarcomere

34
Q

what are the two primary protein filaments responsible for contraction?

A

thick, dark myosin and thin, light actin

35
Q

a disc on each end of a sarcomere; discs can be shared among sarcomeres

A

z line/disc

36
Q

light colored bands of a sarcomere made up of thin actin filaments

A

i bands

37
Q

where the thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments overlap

A

a bands

38
Q

the light colored area located in the middle of the a band, made up of only myosin filaments with no overlapping actin

A

h bands

39
Q

where the terminal portion of a motor neuron axon meets a muscle cell membrane, separated by a synaptic cleft

A

neuromuscular junction

40
Q

what neurotransmitter is contained in the synaptic vesicles at the end of nerve fibers?

A

acetylcholine

41
Q

one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

42
Q

if its a small, delicate movement of muscles

A

its a few muscle fibers per motor unit

43
Q

if its a large, powerful movement of muscles

A

its a huge number of muscle fibers per motor unit

44
Q

shortening of all sarcomeres in a muscle fiber

A

muscle contraction

45
Q

when stimulated, individual muscle fibers contract completely or not at all

A

all or nothing principle

46
Q

a single muscle fiber contraction; contractions out of sync with each other

A

twitch contraction

47
Q

ATP provides energy to allow sliding of actin and myosin filaments, ATP converts to ADP and back to ATP, catabolism of glucose and oxygen help produce ATP and CP

A

chemistry of muscle contraction

48
Q

creatinine phosphate; helps convert ADP back to ATP

A

CP

49
Q

when ATP has one phosphate group split off

A

ADP - adenosine diphosphate

50
Q

glucose stored in muscle

A

glycogen

51
Q

oxygen stored in muscle attached to large protein molecules; red in color and can release oxygen to resupply the muscle fiber when needed

A

myoglobin

52
Q

spasmodic muscle contractions that increase heat production

A

shivering

53
Q

mechanisms to eliminate excess heat

A

panting or sweating

54
Q

a system of communication that fasten cardiac muscle cells together

A

intercalated disks

55
Q

cardiac muscle contractions

A

rapid and wavelike; contract with no external stimulation

56
Q

part of the cardiac conduction system; located in the wall of the right atrium; generates impulse to start each heartbeat

A

sinoatrial node aka SA node

57
Q

nerve supply to cardiac muscle

A

does not need to initiate contractions

58
Q

sympathetic nervous system to cardiac muscle

A

stimulates heart in fight or flight response when an animal feels threatened

59
Q

parasympathetic nervous system to cardiac muscle

A

inhibits cardiac function, making the heart beat slower when it is at rest

60
Q

smooth muscle main forms

A
  • visceral

- multi-unit

61
Q

visceral smooth muscle

A

large sheets of cells in walls of some hollow organs like the bladder or gi tract; contracts in large waves and without external stimulation

62
Q

multi-unit smooth muscle

A

small, discrete groups of cells found where small delicate contractions are needed like iris, blood vessels, lungs; contraction requires impulses from autonomic nervous system

63
Q

actin and myosin filaments arranged as small contractile units that crisscross the cell

A

smooth muscle anatomy

64
Q

sympathetic nervous system to smooth muscle

A

decreases activity to move blood to heart and skeletal muscles and away from urinary and gi tract for intense physical activity

65
Q

parasympathetic nervous system to smooth muscle

A

increases activity when animal is relaxed and resting to help supply nutrients

66
Q

atp use in the muscle cell is required to what?

A
  • energize the power stroke of the myosin cross bridge
  • disconnect the myosin cross bridge from the binding site on acting after the power stroke
  • provide energy to the calcium ion pump to restore calcium in the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
67
Q

composed of adenine nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups attached by a high energy bond

A

atp

68
Q

a considerable release of energy from atp, occurs when a terminal high-energy bond is broken by a hydrolytic enzyme produces adp and phosphate

A

atp hydrolysis

69
Q

occurs via hydrolysis of creatine phosphate (cp)

A

atp synthesis

70
Q

what is used for energy by a muscle cell and also used in the production of atp?

A

glucose

71
Q

what are the end products when glucose is broken down by glycolysis?

A
  • 2 atp and 2 molecules nadh that produce 4 atp molecules

- 2 pyruvic acid molecules

72
Q

pyruvic acid, with the help of electrons carrying enzyme nadh, convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid by adding a phosphate molecule to glucose

A

anaerobic metabolism

73
Q

oxygen for this process is available directly from the blood or from myoglobin

A

aerobic metabolism

74
Q

enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules.; regions within the muscle cell store calcium in turn increase the capacity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium

A

terminal cisternae

75
Q

deep cavity of the sarcolemma, which allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell

A

t-tubules

76
Q

latent twitch, contraction, and relaxation

A

muscle twitch phases

Animal Physiology (17 decks)

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