Blood and Lymph Nodes

Question 1

lavender top tube

Answer 1

used for cbc and platelet count; anticoagulant is edta

Question 2

green top tube

Answer 2

used for cbc in some non-mammals; electrolytes and biochemical profile for some instruments; anticoagulant is heparin

Question 3

blue top tube

Answer 3

used for coagulation tests; anticoagulant is citrate

Question 4

red top tube

Answer 4

used for biochemical profile; serum protein electrophoresis; no anticoagulant

Question 5

tiger top tube

Answer 5

used for biochemical profile; has separator gel that helps separation of serum from cellular components because there is no anti-coagulant

Question 6

serum

Answer 6

no clotting factors; what’s left after whole blood has clotted and has been spun down

Question 7

trauma to veins does what?

Answer 7

initiates platelet clotting

Question 8

blood smear body

Answer 8

clumps of cells so it’s difficult to distinguish different cells

Question 9

blood smear counting area

Answer 9

monolayer of cells so morphology is visible

Question 10

blood smear feathered edge

Answer 10

clumps of platelets found here as well as destroyed cells

Question 11

blood

Answer 11

fluid connective tissue that flows throughout the entire body

Question 12

blood contained in cardiovascular system

Answer 12

whole blood

Question 13

whole blood circulating in blood vessels carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials

Answer 13

peripheral blood

Question 14

plasma

Answer 14

clear liquid in which cellular components are suspended; includes the clotting factors brcause the blood is prevented from clotting

Question 15

cellular components of blood

Answer 15

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Question 16

red blood cells

Answer 16

erythrocytes

Question 17

white blood cells

Answer 17

leukocytes

Question 18

platelets

Answer 18

thrombocytes; not complete cells; non nucleated

Question 19

the five types of white blood cells

Answer 19

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

Question 20

edta

Answer 20

prevents clotting by tying up calcium in the blood; no calcium means no clotting

Question 21

anticoagulant in blood tubes results in what?

Answer 21

plasma separated from whole blood when spun down

Question 22

no anticoagulant in blood tubes results in what?

Answer 22

serum separated from whole blood when spun down

Question 23

fibrinogen

Answer 23

a dissolved plasma protein that when blood clots is removed from plasma converting it to serum

Question 24

the three functions of blood

Answer 24

transportation, regulation, and defense system

Question 25

oxygen to tissues, carbon dioxide to lungs, nutrients, waste products, hormones and platelets in blood

Answer 25

transportation

Question 26

body temperature, tissue fluid content, blood ph

Answer 26

regulation of blood

Question 27

white cell phagocytosis, platelets

Answer 27

defense system of blood

Question 28

hemoglobin

Answer 28

protein molecules found in erythrocytes; carries oxygen to every cell in the body

Question 29

production of all blood cells

Answer 29

hematopoiesis

Question 30

where does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 30

primarily in red bone marrow, can occur in the liver and spleen in times of great need

Question 31

when is a bone marrow analysis needed?

Answer 31

when there is low wbc count, severe anemia, or abnormal cells observed in a blood smear

Question 32

creation of red blood cells

Answer 32

erythopoiesis

Question 33

what is the rate of erythropoiesis controlled by?

Answer 33

erythropoietin (epo) hormone is released from cells in the kidney in response to hypoxia

Question 34

creation of platelets

Answer 34

thromobpoiesis

Question 35

production of white blood cells

Answer 35

leukopoiesis

Question 36

the three types of white blood cell production

Answer 36

granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and monopoiesis

Question 37

highly specialized cell that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and stain red because of hemoglobin and iron present

Answer 37

red blood cell

Question 38

what do rbc's utilize for energy?

Answer 38

plasma glucose, and it can not be replicated once it is used

Question 39

increases surface area for diffusion of gases, ability to deform allows it to travel through blood vessels

Answer 39

rbc cell shape

Question 40

process of aging blood cells

Answer 40

senescence

Question 41

blood cell life span - mice

Answer 41

20-30 days

Question 42

blood cell life span - cats

Answer 42

68 days

Question 43

blood cell life span - dogs

Answer 43

120 days

Question 44

blood cell life span - horses and sheep

Answer 44

150 days

Question 45

blood cell life span - cows

Answer 45

160 days

Question 46

enzyme activity decreases and cell membrane loses deformability (becomes rounder)

Answer 46

blood cells that are dying

Question 47

free radicals

Answer 47

oxidative stressors that contribute to the rapid aging and destruction of red blood cells

Question 48

accounts for 90% of senescent rbc's

Answer 48

extravascular hemolysis

Question 49

types of rbc destruction

Answer 49

extravascular and intravascular

Question 50

accounts for 10% of senescent rbc's

Answer 50

intravascular hemolysis

Question 51

complete blood count

Answer 51

aka hemogram; used to evaluate plasma proteins, rbc, wbc, and platelets

Question 52

packed cell volume

Answer 52

aka hematocrit; the volume of packed rbc measured and expressed as a percent of total volume of blood

Question 53

mcv

Answer 53

mean corpuscular volume; measurement of the average volume or size of individual rbc

Question 54

rdw

Answer 54

red cell distribution width; the numerical expression of variations of rbc size

Question 55

anisocytosis

Answer 55

variation in size from cell to cell in a blood sample; immature rbc are larger than fully formed rbc

Question 56

retic

Answer 56

reticulocyte count; a count of the number of immature forms of rbc per specific total number of rbc's; helpful for types of anemia

Question 57

thrombocytosis

Answer 57

higher than normal platelet count

Question 58

thromboctopenia

Answer 58

lower than normal platelet count

Question 59

tp

Answer 59

total plasma protein; measures amount of protein in plasma portion if a specific volume of blood

Question 60

function of platelets

Answer 60

is most important for normal hemostasis; formation of the platelet plug and the stabilization of that plug

Question 61

platelet adhesion, platelet aggression, thrombin formation

Answer 61

clotting process

Question 62

series of reactions that result in 13 inactive enzymes being activated by the preceding enzymes in the cascade

Answer 62

coagulation cascade

Question 63

purpose of the coagulation cascade

Answer 63

to generate large quantities of fibrin, which is the most important clotting factor

Question 64

petechia

Answer 64

a small hemorrhage on the skin (bruise)

Question 65

where are white blood cells produced?

Answer 65

in the bone marrow, uses peripheral blood to travel to the site of activity

Question 66

granulocytes

Answer 66

prominent granules appear in their cytoplasm when viewed on a stained blood smear; eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils

Question 67

granules pick up acidic stain an appear red

Answer 67

eosinophils

Question 68

granules pick up basic stain and appear blue

Answer 68

basophils

Question 69

don't pick up any stain or appear faintly violet

Answer 69

neutrophils

Question 70

involved in early stages of inflammatory response

Answer 70

neutrophil function

Question 71

process used by neutrophils to go from circulation into tissue spaces

Answer 71

diapedesis

Question 72

process that attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at site of infection

Answer 72

chemotaxis

Question 73

coating process that makes microorganisms more recognizable and allows neutrophil to begin phagocytosis

Answer 73

opsonization

Question 74

specific antibody plasma protein

Answer 74

opsonin

Question 75

inflammatory response, immunity and phagocytosis (allergies and parasitic infection)

Answer 75

eosinophil functions

Question 76

least phagocytic; share some characteristics with tissue mast cells; contains histamine and herapin in the granules

Answer 76

basophil functions

Question 77

wbc that don't contain specific staining granules in their cytoplasm

Answer 77

agranulocytes

Question 78

easily recognized by round or oval nucleus; minimal cytoplasm; most live in lymphoid tissue and circulate between these tissues and blood

Answer 78

lymphocytes

Question 79

the four main types of lymphocytes

Answer 79

t-cells, b-cells, plasma cells, and natural killer (nk) cells

Question 80

cell-mediated immunity processed in the thymus

Answer 80

t-cells

Question 81

responsible for humoral immunity; transform into plasma cells

Answer 81

b-cells

Question 82

derived from b-cells in response to an antigenic stimulus

Answer 82

plasma cells

Question 83

found in blood and lymph tissues and are able to identify and kill virus-infected cells, stressed cells, and tumor cells

Answer 83

nk cells

Question 84

antibody to antigen ratio

Answer 84

each b-cell produces only one antibody type against one specific antigen

Question 85

process when b-cells recognize an antigen and transform into plasma cells; plasma cells produce, store and release antibodies

Answer 85

humoral immunity

Question 86

apoptosis

Answer 86

cellular death

Question 87

largest wbc in circulation

Answer 87

monocytes

Question 88

inflammatory response; clean up cellular debris after an infection/inflammation clears up

Answer 88

monocyte function

Question 89

system of ducts and fluid lymph and a system of lymphoid organs and tissues

Answer 89

lymphatic system (immune system)

Question 90

removal of excess tissue fluid, waste material transport, filtration of lymph, and protein transport

Answer 90

lymphatic system functions

Question 91

lymph formation

Answer 91

starts out as excessive tissue fluid, then it joins with capillaries to move toward the heart, lymph eventually joins blood stream

Question 92

different from plasma, more water, sugar and electrolytes

Answer 92

lymph characteristics

Question 93

primary lymph organs

Answer 93

thymus, bursa of fabricius, and peyer's patches

Question 94

secondary lymph organs

Answer 94

spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils

Question 95

located in the cranial thorax; larger in younger animals; produces mature t-cells from precursors sent from bone marrow

Answer 95

thymus

Question 96

only found in birds; round sac located above the cloaca; similar in structure and function to the thymus

Answer 96

bursa of fabricius

Question 97

located in the wall of the small intestine; activate b-cells to produce antibodies

Answer 97

peyer's patches

Question 98

galt

Answer 98

gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Question 99

malt

Answer 99

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Question 100

calt

Answer 100

conjunctiva associated lymphoid tissue

Question 101

enlarge in response to antigenic stimulation ; trap and process antigens and mature lymphocytes that mediate immune response

Answer 101

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 102

trap antigens and other foreign materials in lymph; drain organs in their associated locations

Answer 102

lymph nodes

Question 103

peripheral lymph nodes (pln)

Answer 103

submandibular, prescapulary, axillary, inguinal, popliteal

Question 104

acts as a reservoir for blood when animal is at rest; covered in capsule of fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle

Answer 104

spleen

Question 105

function to prevent spread of infection into respiratory and digestive systems; not covered in a capsule; found in pharyngeal region, larynx, intestine, prepuce and vagina

Answer 105

tonsils