Blood and Lymph Nodes Flashcards
lavender top tube
used for cbc and platelet count; anticoagulant is edta
green top tube
used for cbc in some non-mammals; electrolytes and biochemical profile for some instruments; anticoagulant is heparin
blue top tube
used for coagulation tests; anticoagulant is citrate
red top tube
used for biochemical profile; serum protein electrophoresis; no anticoagulant
tiger top tube
used for biochemical profile; has separator gel that helps separation of serum from cellular components because there is no anti-coagulant
serum
no clotting factors; what’s left after whole blood has clotted and has been spun down
trauma to veins does what?
initiates platelet clotting
blood smear body
clumps of cells so it’s difficult to distinguish different cells
blood smear counting area
monolayer of cells so morphology is visible
blood smear feathered edge
clumps of platelets found here as well as destroyed cells
blood
fluid connective tissue that flows throughout the entire body
blood contained in cardiovascular system
whole blood
whole blood circulating in blood vessels carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials
peripheral blood
plasma
clear liquid in which cellular components are suspended; includes the clotting factors brcause the blood is prevented from clotting
cellular components of blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
red blood cells
erythrocytes
white blood cells
leukocytes
platelets
thrombocytes; not complete cells; non nucleated
the five types of white blood cells
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
edta
prevents clotting by tying up calcium in the blood; no calcium means no clotting
anticoagulant in blood tubes results in what?
plasma separated from whole blood when spun down
no anticoagulant in blood tubes results in what?
serum separated from whole blood when spun down
fibrinogen
a dissolved plasma protein that when blood clots is removed from plasma converting it to serum
the three functions of blood
transportation, regulation, and defense system
oxygen to tissues, carbon dioxide to lungs, nutrients, waste products, hormones and platelets in blood
transportation
body temperature, tissue fluid content, blood ph
regulation of blood
white cell phagocytosis, platelets
defense system of blood
hemoglobin
protein molecules found in erythrocytes; carries oxygen to every cell in the body
production of all blood cells
hematopoiesis
where does hematopoiesis occur?
primarily in red bone marrow, can occur in the liver and spleen in times of great need
when is a bone marrow analysis needed?
when there is low wbc count, severe anemia, or abnormal cells observed in a blood smear
creation of red blood cells
erythopoiesis
what is the rate of erythropoiesis controlled by?
erythropoietin (epo) hormone is released from cells in the kidney in response to hypoxia
creation of platelets
thromobpoiesis
production of white blood cells
leukopoiesis
the three types of white blood cell production
granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and monopoiesis
highly specialized cell that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and stain red because of hemoglobin and iron present
red blood cell
what do rbc’s utilize for energy?
plasma glucose, and it can not be replicated once it is used
increases surface area for diffusion of gases, ability to deform allows it to travel through blood vessels
rbc cell shape
process of aging blood cells
senescence
blood cell life span - mice
20-30 days
blood cell life span - cats
68 days
blood cell life span - dogs
120 days
blood cell life span - horses and sheep
150 days
blood cell life span - cows
160 days
enzyme activity decreases and cell membrane loses deformability (becomes rounder)
blood cells that are dying
free radicals
oxidative stressors that contribute to the rapid aging and destruction of red blood cells
accounts for 90% of senescent rbc’s
extravascular hemolysis
types of rbc destruction
extravascular and intravascular
accounts for 10% of senescent rbc’s
intravascular hemolysis
complete blood count
aka hemogram; used to evaluate plasma proteins, rbc, wbc, and platelets
packed cell volume
aka hematocrit; the volume of packed rbc measured and expressed as a percent of total volume of blood
mcv
mean corpuscular volume; measurement of the average volume or size of individual rbc
rdw
red cell distribution width; the numerical expression of variations of rbc size
anisocytosis
variation in size from cell to cell in a blood sample; immature rbc are larger than fully formed rbc
retic
reticulocyte count; a count of the number of immature forms of rbc per specific total number of rbc’s; helpful for types of anemia
thrombocytosis
higher than normal platelet count
thromboctopenia
lower than normal platelet count
tp
total plasma protein; measures amount of protein in plasma portion if a specific volume of blood
function of platelets
is most important for normal hemostasis; formation of the platelet plug and the stabilization of that plug
platelet adhesion, platelet aggression, thrombin formation
clotting process
series of reactions that result in 13 inactive enzymes being activated by the preceding enzymes in the cascade
coagulation cascade
purpose of the coagulation cascade
to generate large quantities of fibrin, which is the most important clotting factor
petechia
a small hemorrhage on the skin (bruise)
where are white blood cells produced?
in the bone marrow, uses peripheral blood to travel to the site of activity
granulocytes
prominent granules appear in their cytoplasm when viewed on a stained blood smear; eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils
granules pick up acidic stain an appear red
eosinophils
granules pick up basic stain and appear blue
basophils
don’t pick up any stain or appear faintly violet
neutrophils
involved in early stages of inflammatory response
neutrophil function
process used by neutrophils to go from circulation into tissue spaces
diapedesis
process that attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at site of infection
chemotaxis
coating process that makes microorganisms more recognizable and allows neutrophil to begin phagocytosis
opsonization
specific antibody plasma protein
opsonin
inflammatory response, immunity and phagocytosis (allergies and parasitic infection)
eosinophil functions
least phagocytic; share some characteristics with tissue mast cells; contains histamine and herapin in the granules
basophil functions
wbc that don’t contain specific staining granules in their cytoplasm
agranulocytes
easily recognized by round or oval nucleus; minimal cytoplasm; most live in lymphoid tissue and circulate between these tissues and blood
lymphocytes
the four main types of lymphocytes
t-cells, b-cells, plasma cells, and natural killer (nk) cells
cell-mediated immunity processed in the thymus
t-cells
responsible for humoral immunity; transform into plasma cells
b-cells
derived from b-cells in response to an antigenic stimulus
plasma cells
found in blood and lymph tissues and are able to identify and kill virus-infected cells, stressed cells, and tumor cells
nk cells
antibody to antigen ratio
each b-cell produces only one antibody type against one specific antigen
process when b-cells recognize an antigen and transform into plasma cells; plasma cells produce, store and release antibodies
humoral immunity
apoptosis
cellular death
largest wbc in circulation
monocytes
inflammatory response; clean up cellular debris after an infection/inflammation clears up
monocyte function
system of ducts and fluid lymph and a system of lymphoid organs and tissues
lymphatic system (immune system)
removal of excess tissue fluid, waste material transport, filtration of lymph, and protein transport
lymphatic system functions
lymph formation
starts out as excessive tissue fluid, then it joins with capillaries to move toward the heart, lymph eventually joins blood stream
different from plasma, more water, sugar and electrolytes
lymph characteristics
primary lymph organs
thymus, bursa of fabricius, and peyer’s patches
secondary lymph organs
spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils
located in the cranial thorax; larger in younger animals; produces mature t-cells from precursors sent from bone marrow
thymus
only found in birds; round sac located above the cloaca; similar in structure and function to the thymus
bursa of fabricius
located in the wall of the small intestine; activate b-cells to produce antibodies
peyer’s patches
galt
gut-associated lymphoid tissue
malt
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
calt
conjunctiva associated lymphoid tissue
enlarge in response to antigenic stimulation ; trap and process antigens and mature lymphocytes that mediate immune response
secondary lymphoid organs
trap antigens and other foreign materials in lymph; drain organs in their associated locations
lymph nodes
peripheral lymph nodes (pln)
submandibular, prescapulary, axillary, inguinal, popliteal
acts as a reservoir for blood when animal is at rest; covered in capsule of fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle
spleen
function to prevent spread of infection into respiratory and digestive systems; not covered in a capsule; found in pharyngeal region, larynx, intestine, prepuce and vagina
tonsils
