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Animal Physiology > Blood and Lymph Nodes > Flashcards

Blood and Lymph Nodes Flashcards

1
Q

lavender top tube

A

used for cbc and platelet count; anticoagulant is edta

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2
Q

green top tube

A

used for cbc in some non-mammals; electrolytes and biochemical profile for some instruments; anticoagulant is heparin

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3
Q

blue top tube

A

used for coagulation tests; anticoagulant is citrate

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4
Q

red top tube

A

used for biochemical profile; serum protein electrophoresis; no anticoagulant

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5
Q

tiger top tube

A

used for biochemical profile; has separator gel that helps separation of serum from cellular components because there is no anti-coagulant

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6
Q

serum

A

no clotting factors; what’s left after whole blood has clotted and has been spun down

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7
Q

trauma to veins does what?

A

initiates platelet clotting

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8
Q

blood smear body

A

clumps of cells so it’s difficult to distinguish different cells

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9
Q

blood smear counting area

A

monolayer of cells so morphology is visible

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10
Q

blood smear feathered edge

A

clumps of platelets found here as well as destroyed cells

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11
Q

blood

A

fluid connective tissue that flows throughout the entire body

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12
Q

blood contained in cardiovascular system

A

whole blood

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13
Q

whole blood circulating in blood vessels carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials

A

peripheral blood

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14
Q

plasma

A

clear liquid in which cellular components are suspended; includes the clotting factors brcause the blood is prevented from clotting

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15
Q

cellular components of blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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16
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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17
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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18
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes; not complete cells; non nucleated

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19
Q

the five types of white blood cells

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

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20
Q

edta

A

prevents clotting by tying up calcium in the blood; no calcium means no clotting

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21
Q

anticoagulant in blood tubes results in what?

A

plasma separated from whole blood when spun down

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22
Q

no anticoagulant in blood tubes results in what?

A

serum separated from whole blood when spun down

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23
Q

fibrinogen

A

a dissolved plasma protein that when blood clots is removed from plasma converting it to serum

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24
Q

the three functions of blood

A

transportation, regulation, and defense system

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25
Q

oxygen to tissues, carbon dioxide to lungs, nutrients, waste products, hormones and platelets in blood

A

transportation

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26
Q

body temperature, tissue fluid content, blood ph

A

regulation of blood

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27
Q

white cell phagocytosis, platelets

A

defense system of blood

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28
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein molecules found in erythrocytes; carries oxygen to every cell in the body

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29
Q

production of all blood cells

A

hematopoiesis

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30
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

primarily in red bone marrow, can occur in the liver and spleen in times of great need

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31
Q

when is a bone marrow analysis needed?

A

when there is low wbc count, severe anemia, or abnormal cells observed in a blood smear

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32
Q

creation of red blood cells

A

erythopoiesis

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33
Q

what is the rate of erythropoiesis controlled by?

A

erythropoietin (epo) hormone is released from cells in the kidney in response to hypoxia

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34
Q

creation of platelets

A

thromobpoiesis

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35
Q

production of white blood cells

A

leukopoiesis

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36
Q

the three types of white blood cell production

A

granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and monopoiesis

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37
Q

highly specialized cell that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and stain red because of hemoglobin and iron present

A

red blood cell

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38
Q

what do rbc’s utilize for energy?

A

plasma glucose, and it can not be replicated once it is used

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39
Q

increases surface area for diffusion of gases, ability to deform allows it to travel through blood vessels

A

rbc cell shape

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40
Q

process of aging blood cells

A

senescence

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41
Q

blood cell life span - mice

A

20-30 days

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42
Q

blood cell life span - cats

A

68 days

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43
Q

blood cell life span - dogs

A

120 days

44
Q

blood cell life span - horses and sheep

A

150 days

45
Q

blood cell life span - cows

A

160 days

46
Q

enzyme activity decreases and cell membrane loses deformability (becomes rounder)

A

blood cells that are dying

47
Q

free radicals

A

oxidative stressors that contribute to the rapid aging and destruction of red blood cells

48
Q

accounts for 90% of senescent rbc’s

A

extravascular hemolysis

49
Q

types of rbc destruction

A

extravascular and intravascular

50
Q

accounts for 10% of senescent rbc’s

A

intravascular hemolysis

51
Q

complete blood count

A

aka hemogram; used to evaluate plasma proteins, rbc, wbc, and platelets

52
Q

packed cell volume

A

aka hematocrit; the volume of packed rbc measured and expressed as a percent of total volume of blood

53
Q

mcv

A

mean corpuscular volume; measurement of the average volume or size of individual rbc

54
Q

rdw

A

red cell distribution width; the numerical expression of variations of rbc size

55
Q

anisocytosis

A

variation in size from cell to cell in a blood sample; immature rbc are larger than fully formed rbc

56
Q

retic

A

reticulocyte count; a count of the number of immature forms of rbc per specific total number of rbc’s; helpful for types of anemia

57
Q

thrombocytosis

A

higher than normal platelet count

58
Q

thromboctopenia

A

lower than normal platelet count

59
Q

tp

A

total plasma protein; measures amount of protein in plasma portion if a specific volume of blood

60
Q

function of platelets

A

is most important for normal hemostasis; formation of the platelet plug and the stabilization of that plug

61
Q

platelet adhesion, platelet aggression, thrombin formation

A

clotting process

62
Q

series of reactions that result in 13 inactive enzymes being activated by the preceding enzymes in the cascade

A

coagulation cascade

63
Q

purpose of the coagulation cascade

A

to generate large quantities of fibrin, which is the most important clotting factor

64
Q

petechia

A

a small hemorrhage on the skin (bruise)

65
Q

where are white blood cells produced?

A

in the bone marrow, uses peripheral blood to travel to the site of activity

66
Q

granulocytes

A

prominent granules appear in their cytoplasm when viewed on a stained blood smear; eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils

67
Q

granules pick up acidic stain an appear red

A

eosinophils

68
Q

granules pick up basic stain and appear blue

A

basophils

69
Q

don’t pick up any stain or appear faintly violet

A

neutrophils

70
Q

involved in early stages of inflammatory response

A

neutrophil function

71
Q

process used by neutrophils to go from circulation into tissue spaces

A

diapedesis

72
Q

process that attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at site of infection

A

chemotaxis

73
Q

coating process that makes microorganisms more recognizable and allows neutrophil to begin phagocytosis

A

opsonization

74
Q

specific antibody plasma protein

A

opsonin

75
Q

inflammatory response, immunity and phagocytosis (allergies and parasitic infection)

A

eosinophil functions

76
Q

least phagocytic; share some characteristics with tissue mast cells; contains histamine and herapin in the granules

A

basophil functions

77
Q

wbc that don’t contain specific staining granules in their cytoplasm

A

agranulocytes

78
Q

easily recognized by round or oval nucleus; minimal cytoplasm; most live in lymphoid tissue and circulate between these tissues and blood

A

lymphocytes

79
Q

the four main types of lymphocytes

A

t-cells, b-cells, plasma cells, and natural killer (nk) cells

80
Q

cell-mediated immunity processed in the thymus

A

t-cells

81
Q

responsible for humoral immunity; transform into plasma cells

A

b-cells

82
Q

derived from b-cells in response to an antigenic stimulus

A

plasma cells

83
Q

found in blood and lymph tissues and are able to identify and kill virus-infected cells, stressed cells, and tumor cells

A

nk cells

84
Q

antibody to antigen ratio

A

each b-cell produces only one antibody type against one specific antigen

85
Q

process when b-cells recognize an antigen and transform into plasma cells; plasma cells produce, store and release antibodies

A

humoral immunity

86
Q

apoptosis

A

cellular death

87
Q

largest wbc in circulation

A

monocytes

88
Q

inflammatory response; clean up cellular debris after an infection/inflammation clears up

A

monocyte function

89
Q

system of ducts and fluid lymph and a system of lymphoid organs and tissues

A

lymphatic system (immune system)

90
Q

removal of excess tissue fluid, waste material transport, filtration of lymph, and protein transport

A

lymphatic system functions

91
Q

lymph formation

A

starts out as excessive tissue fluid, then it joins with capillaries to move toward the heart, lymph eventually joins blood stream

92
Q

different from plasma, more water, sugar and electrolytes

A

lymph characteristics

93
Q

primary lymph organs

A

thymus, bursa of fabricius, and peyer’s patches

94
Q

secondary lymph organs

A

spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils

95
Q

located in the cranial thorax; larger in younger animals; produces mature t-cells from precursors sent from bone marrow

A

thymus

96
Q

only found in birds; round sac located above the cloaca; similar in structure and function to the thymus

A

bursa of fabricius

97
Q

located in the wall of the small intestine; activate b-cells to produce antibodies

A

peyer’s patches

98
Q

galt

A

gut-associated lymphoid tissue

99
Q

malt

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

100
Q

calt

A

conjunctiva associated lymphoid tissue

101
Q

enlarge in response to antigenic stimulation ; trap and process antigens and mature lymphocytes that mediate immune response

A

secondary lymphoid organs

102
Q

trap antigens and other foreign materials in lymph; drain organs in their associated locations

A

lymph nodes

103
Q

peripheral lymph nodes (pln)

A

submandibular, prescapulary, axillary, inguinal, popliteal

104
Q

acts as a reservoir for blood when animal is at rest; covered in capsule of fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle

A

spleen

105
Q

function to prevent spread of infection into respiratory and digestive systems; not covered in a capsule; found in pharyngeal region, larynx, intestine, prepuce and vagina

A

tonsils

Animal Physiology (17 decks)

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