Reproduction

Question 1

how does the reproductive system differ from other body systems?

Answer 1

the rest of the body’s systems work to ensure the survival of the individual animal they are part of, whereas the reproductive system works to ensure the survival of the species of animal

Question 2

why is the reproductive system of an individual animal considered only half a system?

Answer 2

because it requires a second animal (of the opposite sex) to fully carry out its function

Question 3

mitosis

Answer 3

starts with 1 cell that duplicates its DNA, then spilts 1x to yield 2 diploid cells

Question 4

meiosis

Answer 4

starts with 1 cell that duplicates its DNA then splits 2x to yield 4 haploid cells

Question 5

what is haploid chromosomes?

Answer 5

the reduced number of chromosomes in the gamete which results from a reduction division called meiosis

Question 6

what is diploid chromosomes?

Answer 6

the total number of chromosomes in the nucleus of each body cell is the same

Question 7

what is the haploid chromosome number ensuring?

Answer 7

that a fertilized ovum from the union of a ova and spermatozoa have a diploid number

Question 8

which gamete determines the genetic sex of the offspring when fertilization occurs?

Answer 8

the spermatozoon

Question 9

how does cell division by meiosis differ form cell division by mitosis?

Answer 9

in mitosis, the chromosomes duplicated are the same, they are split between 2 daughter cells; in meiosis, a random half of the total chromosomes go to each daughter cell to ensure genetic diversity

Question 10

how does spermatogenesis differ from oogenesis?

Answer 10

spermatogenesis is designed to produce large number of sperm at a time, oogenesis only needs to produce a small number of mature ova at a time

Question 11

what is spermatogenesis?

Answer 11

the production of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testes; specifically the rete testis within the seminiferous tubules

Question 12

what is the principle androgen produced by the interstitial cells?

Answer 12

testosterone

Question 13

what do the sertoli cells do?

Answer 13

they support developing spermatids and shield them from the body’s immune system; they respond to FSH

Question 14

what do interstitial cells do?

Answer 14

they respond the LH and produce androgens; they are aka nurse cells

Question 15

where are the spermatozoa stored before ejaculation?

Answer 15

the epididymis

Question 16

what structures do spermatozoa pass through from their site of production to their eventual deposition in the female reproductive tract?

Answer 16

through the seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ducts, epididymis, vas deferens (including the ampulla in some species), and urethra

Question 17

what are 2 main types of hormones produced in the ovary?

Answer 17

estrogens and progestins

Question 18

where are estrogens produced?

Answer 18

by the cells of the developing ovarian follicles

Question 19

where are progestins produced?

Answer 19

principally progesterone, are produced by the corpus luteum, which develops from the empty follicle after ovulation

Question 20

after ovulation has occurred, what cells in the ovary multiply to form the corpus luteum?

Answer 20

granulosa cells

Question 21

when ovulation occurs, what causes the ovum to enter the oviduct?

Answer 21

the ovum is “caught” by the fimbriae of the infundibulum

Question 22

where is the urethral opening located in the female?

Answer 22

the urethra opens on the floor (ventral portion) of the vestibule, which is part of the vulva (the part that is considered the entrance to the vagina)

Question 23

what is the order of stages of the estrous cycle?

Answer 23

proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus, anestrus

Question 24

what animals are induced ovulators?

Answer 24

cats, camels, rabbits and ferrets

Question 25

what hormones control the estrous cycle?

Answer 25

FSH and LH

Question 26

what are the intervals of the estrous cycle?

Answer 26

polyestrous, seasonally polyestrous, diestrous, and monoestrous

Question 27

polyestrous

Answer 27

cycle continuously throughout the year if they are not pregnant; cattle, swine

Question 28

seasonally polyestrous

Answer 28

cycle continuously during certain times of the year and not at all during others; horses, sheep, cats

Question 29

diestrous

Answer 29

2 estrous cycles per year, usually spring and fall; dogs

Question 30

monoestrous

Answer 30

only 1 cycle each year; foxes and minks

Question 31

proestrus

Answer 31

the period of follicular development in the ovary; getting ready to become pregnant

Question 32

estrus

Answer 32

the heat period or the period of sexual receptivity; ovulation

Question 33

what animals do not ovulate until they have been bred?

Answer 33

camels, cats, ferrets and rabbits

Question 34

metestrus

Answer 34

the period after ovulation when the corpus luteum devlops

Question 35

diestrus

Answer 35

waiting for embryo development; when the corpus luteum has reached maximum size and exerts its maximum effect

Question 36

anestrus

Answer 36

a period of temporary ovarian inactivity

Question 37

corpus luteum

Answer 37

a solid endocrine structure that forms from the empty ovarian follicle after ovulation; the granulosa cells left in the now empty follicle begin to multiply under continued stimulation of LH to form the corpus luteum

Question 38

what is the order of sperm duplication?

Answer 38

spermatogonia (mitosis) primary spermatocytes (meiosis I) secondary spermatocytes (mitosis) spermatids (meiosis II) sperm

Question 39

what is the order of oocytes duplication?

Answer 39

primary oogonia (mature) primary oocyte (meiosis I/ovulation) secondary oocyte (meiosis II) ovum (fertilization)