Respiratory Quiz

Question 1

how do nasal passages condition the air entering the body?

Answer 1

by warming, humidification, and filtration

Question 2

what are sinuses?

Answer 2

outpouchings of nasal passages

Question 3

how does the nasal septum divide?

Answer 3

from right to left

Question 4

what does the hard palate divide?

Answer 4

the oropharynx from the nasopharynx

Question 5

what are the turbinates?

Answer 5

they are lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and composed of dorsal and ventral conchae

Question 6

what is the common passageway for the gi and respiratory tracts?

Answer 6

the pharynx

Question 7

what is the larynx?

Answer 7

the voice box, it prevents inhalation of foreign material and controls air to and from the lungs

Question 8

what is the larynx supported by?

Answer 8

the hyoid bone

Question 9

what path does the pharynx take?

Answer 9

it opens to the esophagus as it moves caudally, the esophagus then turns left as it moves to the stomach, the pharynx turns into the larynx as it moves ventrally

Question 10

what does the epiglottis do?

Answer 10

it projects forward in the larynx and prevents debris from entering the glottis; it also helps to build pressure to cough, give birth or to expel feces/urine

Question 11

what are arytenoids?

Answer 11

they attach to vocal chords

Question 12

what is the trachea composed of?

Answer 12

fibrous tissue and smooth muscle lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium; cilia move debris to larynx and out

Question 13

what holds the trachea open?

Answer 13

rings of cartilage, the dorsum of trachea open and are covered with smooth muscle

Question 14

what does the lower respiratory tract turn into?

Answer 14

the bronchial tree, bronchus to small bronchi, bronchi to bronchioles, then tiny bronchioles into alveolar ducts into alveolar sacs

Question 15

what can alter the diameter of airways?

Answer 15

smooth muscle fibers controlled by the norepinephrine in the ANS

Question 16

what can cause severe bronchoconstriction?

Answer 16

irritants

Question 17

what are alveoli lined with?

Answer 17

1 thin layer of squamous epithelium that allows for easy diffusion of gases down their concentration gradients

Question 18

what does surfactant do?

Answer 18

it reduces surface tension between water molecules that are attracted to each other

Question 19

what are the sides of the lungs?

Answer 19

the apex faces cranially, the base faces caudally, and the lateral surfaces lies adjacent to the thoracic wall

Question 20

what is the mediastinum?

Answer 20

the area in between the lungs that houses the heart, blood vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus, and lymph nodes/vessels

Question 21

what is the hilus?

Answer 21

where the airway, blood/lymph nerves enter and exit lungs and where they are anchored in the thorax

Question 22

when do newborn lungs expand?

Answer 22

not just at birth, not until the newborn takes its first breath

Question 23

how does pulmonary circulation work?

Answer 23

blood vessels follow and branch with airways; O2 in the body and CO2 out via the pulmonary artery and then into arterioles which then branch into capillaries around the alveoli then to venules then veins then pulmonary vein that enters the left atrium

Question 24

what is the thorax lined with?

Answer 24

visceral pleura covers thoracic organs; parietal pleura lines the cavity; and pleural fluid allows lungs to slide against thoracic wall during respiration

Question 25

what does the thorax contain?

Answer 25

the heart, lungs, mediastinum, large vessels, and lymphatic structures, trachea, and esophagus

Question 26

what is the diaphram

Answer 26

composed of skeletal muscle that contracts with external intercostal muscles to cause inspiration

Question 27

what areas does the thorax border?

Answer 27

the thoracic vertebrae dorsally, ribs laterally, and the sternum ventrally

Question 28

which side of the diaphragm do the lung bases lie?

Answer 28

the convex cranial surface

Question 29

how does inspiration work?

Answer 29

it enlarges the thoracic volume by contracting to flatten and push abdominal organs caudally

Question 30

how does exhalation work?

Answer 30

it decreases the thoracic volume, causing the diaphragm to resume its normal shape with abdominal organs moving cranially to contract the caudal diaphragmatic surface

Question 31

what is the negative pressure of the thorax related to?

Answer 31

the atmospheric pressure

Question 32

what is negative pressure?

Answer 32

a partial vacuum that pulls lungs tightly against the thoracic wall, it allows air to be pulled into the lungs

Question 33

when does negative pressure in the lungs increase?

Answer 33

with inhalation, when the thoracic wall moves, the lungs follow along, which also allows large volumes of blood to return to veins filling the heart

Question 34

what are the muscles of respiration?

Answer 34

inhalation is the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles, and expiration is the internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles

Question 35

what is tidal volume?

Answer 35

the amount of air in one breath, inhalation and exhalation

Question 36

what is minute volume?

Answer 36

the air inspired and expired per minute; MV= TV x BPM

Question 37

what is residual volume?

Answer 37

the air remaining in the respiratory tract after maximum exhalation

Question 38

what is dead space?

Answer 38

the volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in gas exchange

Question 39

where does gas exchange take place?

Answer 39

in the alveoli, gas must cross the thin layer of alveolar and capillary cells which are both squamous

Question 40

what does the alveolar capillaries contain?

Answer 40

high levels of CO2 and low levels of O2 because O2 diffuses into capillaries from the alveoli to the alveoli capillaries

Question 41

why does O2 diffuse down its concentration gradient into the capillaries of the lungs?

Answer 41

because the O2 in the lungs is low at 40 mm Hg but high in the atmosphere at 100 mm Hg

Question 42

what does the alveolus contain?

Answer 42

low levels of CO2 and high levels of O2 because CO2 diffuses from alveolar capillaries into the alveolus

Question 43

why does CO2 diffuse down its concentration gradient out of the lungs?

Answer 43

because the CO2 is high in the atmosphere but low in the alveoli

Question 44

what does the difference in partial pressure mean?

Answer 44

that each gas will travel down its own concentration gradient via diffusion

Question 45

what is the partial pressure of O2 air in an alveolus?

Answer 45

100 mm Hg

Question 46

what is the partial pressure of O2 air in capillaries?

Answer 46

40 mm Hg

Question 47

what is the partial pressure of CO2 air in capillaries?

Answer 47

45 mm Hg

Question 48

what is the partial pressure of CO2 air in alveolus?

Answer 48

40 mm Hg

Question 49

where is the respiratory center of the CNS located?

Answer 49

the medullar oblongata of the brain stem

Question 50

what can cause acidosis?

Answer 50

too much CO2

Question 51

what determines the amount of gas dissolved in liquid when exposed to a gaseous environment?

Answer 51

the partial pressure of gas in the gaseous environment

Question 52

what does mechanical control do?

Answer 52

it sets a baseline for respiratory rate and depth by using stretch receptors that provide afferent sensory feedback to the brain and sends efferent signals to respiratory muscles that then contract accordingly

Question 53

what does chemical control do?

Answer 53

makes adjustments as needed

Question 54

what do baroreceptors do?

Answer 54

they are carotid body and aortic bodies that detect CO2 content, pH level, and O2 concent

Question 55

what does a slight decrease in O2 do?

Answer 55

causes the brain to send signals to increase RR and depth

Question 56

what does an excessive increase in O2 do?

Answer 56

it decreases neuronal response due to hypoxia