Respiratory Quiz Flashcards
how do nasal passages condition the air entering the body?
by warming, humidification, and filtration
what are sinuses?
outpouchings of nasal passages
how does the nasal septum divide?
from right to left
what does the hard palate divide?
the oropharynx from the nasopharynx
what are the turbinates?
they are lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and composed of dorsal and ventral conchae
what is the common passageway for the gi and respiratory tracts?
the pharynx
what is the larynx?
the voice box, it prevents inhalation of foreign material and controls air to and from the lungs
what is the larynx supported by?
the hyoid bone
what path does the pharynx take?
it opens to the esophagus as it moves caudally, the esophagus then turns left as it moves to the stomach, the pharynx turns into the larynx as it moves ventrally
what does the epiglottis do?
it projects forward in the larynx and prevents debris from entering the glottis; it also helps to build pressure to cough, give birth or to expel feces/urine
what are arytenoids?
they attach to vocal chords
what is the trachea composed of?
fibrous tissue and smooth muscle lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium; cilia move debris to larynx and out
what holds the trachea open?
rings of cartilage, the dorsum of trachea open and are covered with smooth muscle
what does the lower respiratory tract turn into?
the bronchial tree, bronchus to small bronchi, bronchi to bronchioles, then tiny bronchioles into alveolar ducts into alveolar sacs
what can alter the diameter of airways?
smooth muscle fibers controlled by the norepinephrine in the ANS
what can cause severe bronchoconstriction?
irritants
what are alveoli lined with?
1 thin layer of squamous epithelium that allows for easy diffusion of gases down their concentration gradients
what does surfactant do?
it reduces surface tension between water molecules that are attracted to each other
what are the sides of the lungs?
the apex faces cranially, the base faces caudally, and the lateral surfaces lies adjacent to the thoracic wall
what is the mediastinum?
the area in between the lungs that houses the heart, blood vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus, and lymph nodes/vessels
what is the hilus?
where the airway, blood/lymph nerves enter and exit lungs and where they are anchored in the thorax
when do newborn lungs expand?
not just at birth, not until the newborn takes its first breath
how does pulmonary circulation work?
blood vessels follow and branch with airways; O2 in the body and CO2 out via the pulmonary artery and then into arterioles which then branch into capillaries around the alveoli then to venules then veins then pulmonary vein that enters the left atrium
what is the thorax lined with?
visceral pleura covers thoracic organs; parietal pleura lines the cavity; and pleural fluid allows lungs to slide against thoracic wall during respiration
what does the thorax contain?
the heart, lungs, mediastinum, large vessels, and lymphatic structures, trachea, and esophagus
what is the diaphram
composed of skeletal muscle that contracts with external intercostal muscles to cause inspiration
what areas does the thorax border?
the thoracic vertebrae dorsally, ribs laterally, and the sternum ventrally
which side of the diaphragm do the lung bases lie?
the convex cranial surface
how does inspiration work?
it enlarges the thoracic volume by contracting to flatten and push abdominal organs caudally
how does exhalation work?
it decreases the thoracic volume, causing the diaphragm to resume its normal shape with abdominal organs moving cranially to contract the caudal diaphragmatic surface
what is the negative pressure of the thorax related to?
the atmospheric pressure
what is negative pressure?
a partial vacuum that pulls lungs tightly against the thoracic wall, it allows air to be pulled into the lungs
when does negative pressure in the lungs increase?
with inhalation, when the thoracic wall moves, the lungs follow along, which also allows large volumes of blood to return to veins filling the heart
what are the muscles of respiration?
inhalation is the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles, and expiration is the internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles
what is tidal volume?
the amount of air in one breath, inhalation and exhalation
what is minute volume?
the air inspired and expired per minute; MV= TV x BPM
what is residual volume?
the air remaining in the respiratory tract after maximum exhalation
what is dead space?
the volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in gas exchange
where does gas exchange take place?
in the alveoli, gas must cross the thin layer of alveolar and capillary cells which are both squamous
what does the alveolar capillaries contain?
high levels of CO2 and low levels of O2 because O2 diffuses into capillaries from the alveoli to the alveoli capillaries
why does O2 diffuse down its concentration gradient into the capillaries of the lungs?
because the O2 in the lungs is low at 40 mm Hg but high in the atmosphere at 100 mm Hg
what does the alveolus contain?
low levels of CO2 and high levels of O2 because CO2 diffuses from alveolar capillaries into the alveolus
why does CO2 diffuse down its concentration gradient out of the lungs?
because the CO2 is high in the atmosphere but low in the alveoli
what does the difference in partial pressure mean?
that each gas will travel down its own concentration gradient via diffusion
what is the partial pressure of O2 air in an alveolus?
100 mm Hg
what is the partial pressure of O2 air in capillaries?
40 mm Hg
what is the partial pressure of CO2 air in capillaries?
45 mm Hg
what is the partial pressure of CO2 air in alveolus?
40 mm Hg
where is the respiratory center of the CNS located?
the medullar oblongata of the brain stem
what can cause acidosis?
too much CO2
what determines the amount of gas dissolved in liquid when exposed to a gaseous environment?
the partial pressure of gas in the gaseous environment
what does mechanical control do?
it sets a baseline for respiratory rate and depth by using stretch receptors that provide afferent sensory feedback to the brain and sends efferent signals to respiratory muscles that then contract accordingly
what does chemical control do?
makes adjustments as needed
what do baroreceptors do?
they are carotid body and aortic bodies that detect CO2 content, pH level, and O2 concent
what does a slight decrease in O2 do?
causes the brain to send signals to increase RR and depth
what does an excessive increase in O2 do?
it decreases neuronal response due to hypoxia
