SGL1 Quiz Flashcards by Camelita Thrift

Wright’s stain is a stain that facilitates the differention of ____________

It is mixture of ______ and ____________ dyes.

It is primarily used to stain __________ and _____________.

Blood cell types

Eosin; Methylene blue

Peripheral blood smears; bone marrow aspirates

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Toluidine blue has been used in identifying __________ and __________ of the oral cavity.

Use of toludine blue in tissue sections is done with the aim to highlight components, such as _____________,________, and ____________

Dysplasia; carcinoma

Mast cells granules, mucins; cartilage

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Rotomy microtomes use what kind of knives?

Steel knives

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In __________ immunocytochemistry, there is one antibody and one incubation. However in_________ immunocytochemistry, there are two antibodies and two incubations.

Direct; Indirect

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Specimen thickness for Light Microscopes

10-40 microns

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The toluidine blue stain is ________ and stains_________

Basic; RNA and DNA

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Is a bright diffraction halo present in the Nomarski phase contrast microscope or in the phase contrast microscope?

Phase contrast microscope

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What is the purpose of immunocytochemistry?

To visulaize the localization of a specific protein or antigen in cells by use of a specific primary antibody that binds to it.

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What is the purpose of autoradiography?

To detect nucleic acid synthesis time

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Why is fixation used?

To terminate cell metabolism

Prevent enzymatic degradation of cells and tissue by autolysis

Kill pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses

Harden tissue as a result of either crossling or denaturing protein molecules

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What is the main benefit of confocal light microscope?

Light is focused at one point on tissue, which gives a better resolution and lets you see the layers

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Common clearing solvents

Zylol

Toluol

Paraffin

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Immunocytochemistry requires that cells under study are made___________, usually with a __________, so that antibody molecules can enter a cell and bind to the ____________

peermeable; detergent; antigen

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Role of dehydration step

Remoe water and replace with alcohol

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What replaces the alchol in the tissue?

Paraffin

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What color do glycosaminoglycans stain? What is the phenomenon called?

Red; Metachromasia.

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What is a benefit to using a phase contrast microscope?

Living cells can be examined without being killed, fixed, and stained.

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Specimen thickness for Transmission Electron Microscopes

0.1 microns

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Which florescent dyes can be used as marker?

Fluorescin (green fluorescence) or rhodamine (red fluorescence)

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Nissl stain is a classic _________ staining method use on __________ sections.

Nucleic acid; nervous tissue

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Periodic acid- Shiff (PAS) is a staining method used to detect______________

Polysaccharides

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Maximum magnification for transmission electron microscopes

200,000x

Nissl staining typically marks the ______ due to ____________ as well as the nuclus and other accumulations of nucleic acid.

rER; rRNA

Light microscopes can be used to see what?

Organelles like nuclues, mitochondria, vaculoes, the golgi, and the nucleolus

Which microscope allows for the 3D reconstruction of an object?

Confocal light microscope

What are the four major staining properties exhibited the Wright's stain?

Basophil- affinity for methylene blue Azurophil- affinity for the oxidation products of methylene blue called azures) Acidophil- Affinity for Eosin Neutraphil- Affinity for a complex of dyes in the mixture

Most common stains used in light microscopes

H&E

3 steps in tissue processing

Fixation Dehydration Embedding

tool used to cut extremely thin slices of material, known as sections 2-50 microns

Microtomes

What are reasons to freeze tissue samples?

When you want rapid results When you need to know if a tissue is cancerous

Which has a higher resoluton electron or light microscopes?

Electron

In what ways did Normarski phase contrast microscopy improve upon the phase contrast microscopy discovered in 1934?

It allows a greater depth of focus so one can visualize thicker specimens/ cells Uses a special type of optical prism to produce a much improved pseudo 3D shadow image

PAS stains carbohydrate macromolecules mainly found where?

Connective tissues, mucus, the glycocalyx and _basement membrane thickening._

Most common stains used with Transmission Electron Microscopy

uranyl acetate, lead citrate (heavy metal atoms reflect electrons in the beam)

Maximum magnification for light microscopes

2,000x

What type of particles are convenient markers for direct immunocytochemistry at the electron microscopic level?

Gold

Which type of immunocytochemistry is more specific?

Indirect

What are the steps of autoradiography?

1. Deliver a radioactive precursor compund to the cells of tisse 2. The tissue sections are prepared and covered with photograhic emulsion. The slides are kept in light-proof boxes 3. After and adequate exposure time they are developed photographically and examined 4. The silver bromide crystals present in the photographic emulsion are hit by radiation. They are transformed into small black granules of metallic silver, thus revealing the existence of radioactivity in the tissue.

Example of specimen that is viewed using a scanning electron microscope?

Nuclear pores

Which microscope is used to produce high- contrast images of transparent specimens?

Phase contrast microscope

What are two common components of Nissl stain?

Toluidine blue and cresyl violet

Characteristics of Formulin

Crosslined lysine residues Does not alter 3D structure Does not react well with lipids, so poor fixative of cell membranes

Toluidine blue has _____________ properties.

Metachromatic

In the PAS reaction, periodic acid forms __________ groups in sugars of ___________ by an __________ process.

Aldehyde; glycoproteins; oxidation

The most commonly used fixative is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Formulin

What step of tissue processing permenantly preserves the tissue structure for subsequent treatment?

Fixation

What kind of knofe is used for ultramicrotome?

diamond knives

The cresyl Violet method uses basic ________ dye to stain ________ blue, and is used to highlight special features of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

aniline; RNA; neurons

Describe the Perl's reaction for iron.

1. Tissue sections are treated with hydrochloric acid to denature the binding proteins of the hemosiderin molecule, which is an iron storage complex, and thereby release ferric (3+) ions. 2. Potassium ferrocyanide is then introduced. The ferric ions combine with this solution, resulting in the formation of ferric ferrocyanide, which is an insoluble bright blue pigment.

In which type of microscopy are heavy metals sprayed on the specimen to give a stronger image?

Scanning Electron Microscope

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are stains used in electon microscopes.

Heavy metals

Toluidine blue can stain sections that _________ stain cannot

Hemotoxylin and Eosin

Which diseases may be diagnosed the Perl's reaction for iron?

Hereditary hemochromatosis and Hemosiderosis