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Exam 2 (PARP) > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What regulates the amount of collagen in connective tissue?

A

Tension upon extracellular fibers, which bind to fibroblasts via integrin proteins

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2
Q

Leptin influences which part of the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune reaction to _________in the nucleus and leads to inflammation

A

snRNPs

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4
Q

Role, Components, and Location of Elastic fibers

A
  1. Role: Allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil
  2. Components: Elastic microfibril and elastin
  3. Location: extracellular matrix
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5
Q

Types of collagen

A
  1. Type I: Skin, bone, tendons, ligaments
  2. Type II: Cartilage
  3. Type III: Reticular Fibers (Arteries, etc.)
  4. Type IV: Basal Lamina
  5. Type VII: Anchoring Fibrils in Skin
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6
Q

________ adipose tissue is densely vascularized and innervated y sympathetic nerve endings

A

Uncoupling

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7
Q

Proteoglycans consist of what two elements

A
  1. Core protein
  2. Glycoaminoglycan (GAG)
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8
Q

How do macrophages recognize antigens?

A

Opsonization of antigen with immunoglobulins

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9
Q

___________tissue could be considered can organ because it is metabolically active

A

Adipose

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10
Q

Hormones secreted by Fat Cells

A
  1. Leptin
  2. Resistin
  3. Adiponectin
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11
Q

What cell type has “clockface” chromatin?

A

Plasma cells

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12
Q

Tropocollagen formation

A
  1. Enzymatic removal of most of the nonhelical domain of procollagen to form tropocollagen
  2. Self- aggregation in a staggered array of tropocollagen molecules to form a collagen fibril
  3. Side-by-side cross-linking of collagen fibrils
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13
Q

All connective tissue apart from _______ and _________ consists of 3 components: Fibers, ground substance, and cells.

A

Blood; lymph

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14
Q

________ adipose tissue is densely vascularized and innervated y sympathetic nerve endings

A

Brown

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15
Q

What’s unusual about Marfan’s Syndrome Phenotype compared to other types?

A

Extremities are lengthened on one side only

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16
Q

Mast cells originate in ________

A

Bone marrow

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17
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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18
Q

Collagen synthesis process and where it occurs

A
  1. Synthesis of precollagen and procollagen (Rer)
  2. Hydroxylation of lysine and proline (Rer)
  3. Glycosylation (Rer)
  4. Disulfide bond formation (Rer)
  5. Packaging and secretion of procollagen (Golgi)
  6. Ends splices by collagen peptidase, forming tropocollagen
  7. Tropocollagen aggregate to form Collagen fibrils
  8. Collagen fibrils cross-link to form collagen
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19
Q

Brown adipose tissue dissipates chemical energy to generate ___________

A

Heat

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20
Q

____________ is the complete absence of an organ or lack of specific cells within an organ

A

Agenesis

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21
Q

Role of Leptin

A
  1. Tells body that you’re full
  2. Regulates the hypothalamic control of feeding
  3. Influences the timing of puberty
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22
Q

Role of adiponectin

A

Can improve effects of insulin upon muscle

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23
Q

Chondrocytes produce a large amount of ________ extracellular matrix, which is abundant ground substance that is rich in __________ and elastin fibers

A

Collagenous; proteoglycan

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24
Q

TNF stimulates _________ and plays a possible role in arthritis and lupus erythematosus

A

Lymphocytes

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25
Q

Roles of proteoglycans secreted by mast cells

A

Stabilizes proteases and promote their effects

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26
Q

What protein is closely related to fibrillin?

A

Elastin

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27
Q

Which organelle is well-developed in plasma cells? What affect does this have?

A

Golgi; Makes plasma cells well-suited for secreting immunoglobulins

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28
Q

Glycerol is imported via ______water channels

A

Aquaporin

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29
Q
  1. Role of connective tissue
A
  1. Structural and metabolic support
  2. Connects other tissues
  3. Packing- Fills spaces, shapes organs
  4. Storage- Energy, water, electrolytes
  5. Transport for medium nutrients and metabolic wastes
  6. Repair – Fibroblasts
  7. Defense- Cells (Phagocytosis or antibodies)
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30
Q

Brown fat cells generate heat via non-shivering __________

A

Thermogenesis

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31
Q

Prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase require __________ as a co-factor; deficiency in this co factor causes __________.

A

Vitamin C; scurvy

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32
Q

Example of drug that blocks TNF

A

Enbrel

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33
Q

What can be found in the matrix of connective tissue?

A

Fibers and ground substance

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34
Q

Where is tropoelastin synthesized?

A

Smooth muscle cell

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35
Q

Septic shock is ________ poisoning

A

Blood

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36
Q

Proteoglycan traps _________

A

Water

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37
Q

Function of free cells of connective tissue

A

Tissue reaction to injury or invasion of microorganisms

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38
Q

__________vacuoles enhance activity of receptors that bring antigens in

A

Heterophagic

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39
Q

Connective tissue develops from the ____________

A

Mesoderm

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40
Q

Mast cell degranulation

A

Release of all contents at once

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41
Q

Two states of elastin

A
  1. Relaxed
  2. Stretched
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42
Q

Mast cell proteases activate receptors, __________, that regulate tight junction permeability

A

PAR2

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43
Q

Cross linking of elastin causes __________

A

Elasticity

44
Q

Macrophages present antigens to _________

A

Lymphocytes

45
Q

Effects of Fat cell agenesis

A
  1. Lack body fat
  2. Reduced body energy stores
46
Q

Ground substance can be found between ________ and ________.

A

Cells; Fibers

47
Q

Extracellular cleavage of _______ from procollagen allows assembly of tropocollagen molecules into collagen __________.

A

Peptides; fibrils

48
Q

Majority of cases of human obesity are of uncertain origin, probably ________

A

epigenetics

49
Q

Brown fat cells generate ________

A

Heat

50
Q

Blood and lymph lack what component of all other connective tissue?

A

Fibers

51
Q

Phagocytosis of new antigens occurs via ___________receptors

A

Scavenger

52
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Mixing of antigen and antibody

53
Q

Blood and lymph are immersed in the body ________

A

Water

54
Q

Types of free cells of connective tissue

A
  1. Free macrophage
  2. Mast cell
  3. Plasma cells
  4. Leucocytes
55
Q

Mast cells often adhere to _________

A

Blood vessels

56
Q

Abnormal Fibrillin causes __________ Syndrome.

A

Marfan’s

57
Q

Macrophages secrete what factor that can cause apoptosis of tumors?

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

58
Q

Cartilage is composed of specialized cells called _____________

A

Chondrocytes

59
Q
  1. Role of histamine secreted from Mast cells
A
  1. Binds to vessel histamine receptors
  2. Causes rapid increase in permeability
  3. Plays a role in anaphylactic shock
60
Q

TNF decreases ______ deposition

A

Fat

61
Q

________ cells are intrinsic cells

A

Fixed

62
Q

Types of Fixed cells of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Fibroblast and Fibrocytes
  2. Mesenchymal cells
  3. Adipocyte
  4. Fixed macrophages
63
Q

Loose connective tissue has more _________than __________.

A

Cells; fibers

64
Q

Role, Components, and Location of Reticular fibers

A
  1. Role: Form a scaffolding for other cells
  2. Components: Type III collagen
  3. Location: Liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs
65
Q

__________adipose tissue secretes adipose derived hormones, which regulate insulin sensitivity and satiety.

A

White

66
Q

Bone constitutes part of the ________skeleton

A

Vertebral

67
Q

Cells of connective tissue include:

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Adipocytes
  3. Macrophages
  4. Mast cells
  5. Leucocytes
68
Q

Types of special connective tissue

A
  1. Reticular connective tissue
  2. Adipose tissue
  3. Cartilage
  4. Bone
  5. Blood
69
Q

Roles of NPY+ neurons

A

Makes you feel hungry

70
Q
  1. Adipose tissue is __________active
A

metabolically

71
Q

3 types of fiber

A
  1. Collagenous
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
72
Q

Other types of connective tissue

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Elastic
  3. Lymphoid
73
Q

Leptin decrease the firing of ______ neurons in the hypothalamus and diminishes appetite.

A

NPY+

74
Q

Role of proteases secreted from mast cells

A
  1. Bind to vessel receptors
  2. Cause a slow and prolonged increase in permeability
75
Q

Role, Components, and location of collagenous fibers

A
  1. Role: Bind bones and other tissues to each other
  2. Components: alpha polypeptide chains
  3. Location: Tendon, ligaments, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, and intervertebral disc
76
Q

TNF can _______blood pressure and cause migration of _____ into organs

A

Decrease; leukocytes

77
Q

Two types of cells of connective tissue

A
  1. Fixed cells
  2. Free cells
78
Q

Three different types of bone cells

A
  1. Osteoblasts
  2. Osteocytes
  3. Osteoclasts
79
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is found in mast cells?

A

IgE

80
Q

The zucker rat has an inactive __________ for leptin

A

Hypothalamic receptor

81
Q

Role of bone

A

Supports and protects the various organs of the body

82
Q

General features of connective tissue

A
  1. Cells
  2. Matrix
83
Q

__________ cells are extrinsic cells or wandering cells

A

Free

84
Q

What transcription factors stimulate fat cell development?

A

Klotho and C/EBP

85
Q

Types of connective tissue proper

A
  1. Loose connective tissue
  2. Dense irregular connective tissue
  3. Dense regular connective tissue
86
Q

Fat cell hormones are also known as __________

A

Cytokine

87
Q

Symptoms of Marfan’s Syndrome

A
  1. Unusually tall stature
  2. Poor elasticity of connective tissue
  3. Ruptures of blood vessels enriched in elastin and fibrillin
88
Q

Ob/Ob mouse produces inactive _________

A

Leptin

89
Q

Connective tissue can be broadly subdivided into __________ and ___________

A

Connective tissue proper; special connective tissue

90
Q

Brown fat transfers heat to the __________ and carotid arteries by being located closely to these organs

A

Kidneys; carotid arteries

91
Q

Which type of adipose tissue rich in mitochondria?

A

Brown

92
Q

__________cleave off a portion of a receptor, allowing the remaining portion to fold back and act as a __________

A

Proteases; ligand

93
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The ingestion of bacteria and other material by phagocytes.

94
Q

Macrophages arise from blood cells called ________ that migrate from the bloodstream.

A

Monocytes

95
Q

___________adipose tissue stores excess energy as triglycerides and release fatty acids during fasting periods.

A

White

96
Q

Role of resistin

A

Diminishes the effects of insulin upon muscle

97
Q

Free fatty acids are transported by fatty acid _________protein

A

Binding

98
Q

Function of Fixed cells of connective tissue

A

Production and maintenance of the extracellular matrix

99
Q

___________ mice produce inactive leptin

A

Ob/Ob

100
Q

In cold patients, glucose is also taken up by metabolically active _________

A

Brown fat

101
Q

What three molecules are secreted by mast cells?

A

Histamine

Proteoglycan

Protease

102
Q

What stain is used on elastin fibers?

A

Verhoef’s stain

103
Q

In warmed patients, glucose is mainly taken up by the _____ and __________

A

Brain; heart

104
Q

Macrophages have pale, bean shaped ____ and are abundant in cytoplasm.

A

Nuclei

105
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue has more _______ than ______.

A

Fibers; cells

106
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

An extreme, often life-threatening allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive

107
Q

Three types of cartilage

A
  1. Elastic
  2. Hyaline
  3. Fibrous

Exam 2 (PARP) (17 decks)

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