Connective tissue Flashcards
1
Q
What regulates the amount of collagen in connective tissue?
A
Tension upon extracellular fibers, which bind to fibroblasts via integrin proteins
2
Q
Leptin influences which part of the brain?
A
Hypothalamus
3
Q
Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune reaction to _________in the nucleus and leads to inflammation
A
snRNPs
4
Q
Role, Components, and Location of Elastic fibers
A
- Role: Allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil
- Components: Elastic microfibril and elastin
- Location: extracellular matrix
5
Q
Types of collagen
A
- Type I: Skin, bone, tendons, ligaments
- Type II: Cartilage
- Type III: Reticular Fibers (Arteries, etc.)
- Type IV: Basal Lamina
- Type VII: Anchoring Fibrils in Skin
6
Q
________ adipose tissue is densely vascularized and innervated y sympathetic nerve endings
A
Uncoupling
7
Q
Proteoglycans consist of what two elements
A
- Core protein
- Glycoaminoglycan (GAG)
8
Q
How do macrophages recognize antigens?
A
Opsonization of antigen with immunoglobulins
9
Q
___________tissue could be considered can organ because it is metabolically active
A
Adipose
10
Q
Hormones secreted by Fat Cells
A
- Leptin
- Resistin
- Adiponectin
11
Q
What cell type has “clockface” chromatin?
A
Plasma cells
12
Q
Tropocollagen formation
A
- Enzymatic removal of most of the nonhelical domain of procollagen to form tropocollagen
- Self- aggregation in a staggered array of tropocollagen molecules to form a collagen fibril
- Side-by-side cross-linking of collagen fibrils
13
Q
All connective tissue apart from _______ and _________ consists of 3 components: Fibers, ground substance, and cells.
A
Blood; lymph
14
Q
________ adipose tissue is densely vascularized and innervated y sympathetic nerve endings
A
Brown
15
Q
What’s unusual about Marfan’s Syndrome Phenotype compared to other types?
A
Extremities are lengthened on one side only
16
Q
Mast cells originate in ________
A
Bone marrow
17
Q
4 types of tissue
A
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
18
Q
Collagen synthesis process and where it occurs
A
- Synthesis of precollagen and procollagen (Rer)
- Hydroxylation of lysine and proline (Rer)
- Glycosylation (Rer)
- Disulfide bond formation (Rer)
- Packaging and secretion of procollagen (Golgi)
- Ends splices by collagen peptidase, forming tropocollagen
- Tropocollagen aggregate to form Collagen fibrils
- Collagen fibrils cross-link to form collagen
19
Q
Brown adipose tissue dissipates chemical energy to generate ___________
A
Heat
20
Q
____________ is the complete absence of an organ or lack of specific cells within an organ
A
Agenesis
21
Q
Role of Leptin
A
- Tells body that you’re full
- Regulates the hypothalamic control of feeding
- Influences the timing of puberty
22
Q
Role of adiponectin
A
Can improve effects of insulin upon muscle
23
Q
Chondrocytes produce a large amount of ________ extracellular matrix, which is abundant ground substance that is rich in __________ and elastin fibers
A
Collagenous; proteoglycan
24
Q
TNF stimulates _________ and plays a possible role in arthritis and lupus erythematosus
A
Lymphocytes
25
Roles of proteoglycans secreted by mast cells
Stabilizes proteases and promote their effects
26
What protein is closely related to fibrillin?
Elastin
27
Which organelle is well-developed in plasma cells? What affect does this have?
Golgi; Makes plasma cells well-suited for secreting immunoglobulins
28
Glycerol is imported via \_\_\_\_\_\_water channels
Aquaporin
29
1. Role of connective tissue
1. Structural and metabolic support
2. Connects other tissues
3. Packing- Fills spaces, shapes organs
4. Storage- Energy, water, electrolytes
5. Transport for medium nutrients and metabolic wastes
6. Repair – Fibroblasts
7. Defense- Cells (Phagocytosis or antibodies)
30
Brown fat cells generate heat via non-shivering \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Thermogenesis
31
Prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase require __________ as a co-factor; deficiency in this co factor causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Vitamin C; scurvy
32
Example of drug that blocks TNF
Enbrel
33
What can be found in the matrix of connective tissue?
Fibers and ground substance
34
Where is tropoelastin synthesized?
Smooth muscle cell
35
Septic shock is ________ poisoning
Blood
36
Proteoglycan traps \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Water
37
Function of free cells of connective tissue
Tissue reaction to injury or invasion of microorganisms
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_vacuoles enhance activity of receptors that bring antigens in
Heterophagic
39
Connective tissue develops from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Mesoderm
40
Mast cell degranulation
Release of all contents at once
41
Two states of elastin
1. Relaxed
2. Stretched
42
Mast cell proteases activate receptors, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, that regulate tight junction permeability
PAR2
43
Cross linking of elastin causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Elasticity
44
Macrophages present antigens to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lymphocytes
45
Effects of Fat cell agenesis
1. Lack body fat
2. Reduced body energy stores
46
Ground substance can be found between ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cells; Fibers
47
Extracellular cleavage of _______ from procollagen allows assembly of tropocollagen molecules into collagen \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Peptides; fibrils
48
Majority of cases of human obesity are of uncertain origin, probably \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
epigenetics
49
Brown fat cells generate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Heat
50
Blood and lymph lack what component of all other connective tissue?
Fibers
51
Phagocytosis of new antigens occurs via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_receptors
Scavenger
52
What is opsonization?
Mixing of antigen and antibody
53
Blood and lymph are immersed in the body \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Water
54
Types of free cells of connective tissue
1. Free macrophage
2. Mast cell
3. Plasma cells
4. Leucocytes
55
Mast cells often adhere to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Blood vessels
56
Abnormal Fibrillin causes __________ Syndrome.
Marfan’s
57
Macrophages secrete what factor that can cause apoptosis of tumors?
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
58
Cartilage is composed of specialized cells called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Chondrocytes
59
1. Role of histamine secreted from Mast cells
1. Binds to vessel histamine receptors
2. Causes rapid increase in permeability
3. Plays a role in anaphylactic shock
60
TNF decreases ______ deposition
Fat
61
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells are intrinsic cells
Fixed
62
Types of Fixed cells of Connective Tissue
1. Fibroblast and Fibrocytes
2. Mesenchymal cells
3. Adipocyte
4. Fixed macrophages
63
Loose connective tissue has more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cells; fibers
64
Role, Components, and Location of Reticular fibers
1. Role: Form a scaffolding for other cells
2. Components: Type III collagen
3. Location: Liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs
65
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_adipose tissue secretes adipose derived hormones, which regulate insulin sensitivity and satiety.
White
66
Bone constitutes part of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_skeleton
Vertebral
67
Cells of connective tissue include:
1. Fibroblasts
2. Adipocytes
3. Macrophages
4. Mast cells
5. Leucocytes
68
Types of special connective tissue
1. Reticular connective tissue
2. Adipose tissue
3. Cartilage
4. Bone
5. Blood
69
Roles of NPY+ neurons
Makes you feel hungry
70
1. Adipose tissue is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_active
metabolically
71
3 types of fiber
1. Collagenous
2. Elastic
3. Reticular
72
Other types of connective tissue
1. Fibrous
2. Elastic
3. Lymphoid
73
Leptin decrease the firing of ______ neurons in the hypothalamus and diminishes appetite.
NPY+
74
Role of proteases secreted from mast cells
1. Bind to vessel receptors
2. Cause a slow and prolonged increase in permeability
75
Role, Components, and location of collagenous fibers
1. Role: Bind bones and other tissues to each other
2. Components: alpha polypeptide chains
3. Location: Tendon, ligaments, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, and intervertebral disc
76
TNF can \_\_\_\_\_\_\_blood pressure and cause migration of _____ into organs
Decrease; leukocytes
77
Two types of cells of connective tissue
1. Fixed cells
2. Free cells
78
Three different types of bone cells
1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteocytes
3. Osteoclasts
79
What type of immunoglobulin is found in mast cells?
IgE
80
The zucker rat has an inactive __________ for leptin
Hypothalamic receptor
81
Role of bone
Supports and protects the various organs of the body
82
General features of connective tissue
1. Cells
2. Matrix
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells are extrinsic cells or wandering cells
Free
84
What transcription factors stimulate fat cell development?
Klotho and C/EBP
85
Types of connective tissue proper
1. Loose connective tissue
2. Dense irregular connective tissue
3. Dense regular connective tissue
86
Fat cell hormones are also known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cytokine
87
Symptoms of Marfan’s Syndrome
1. Unusually tall stature
2. Poor elasticity of connective tissue
3. Ruptures of blood vessels enriched in elastin and fibrillin
88
Ob/Ob mouse produces inactive \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Leptin
89
Connective tissue can be broadly subdivided into __________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Connective tissue proper; special connective tissue
90
Brown fat transfers heat to the __________ and carotid arteries by being located closely to these organs
Kidneys; carotid arteries
91
Which type of adipose tissue rich in mitochondria?
Brown
92
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_cleave off a portion of a receptor, allowing the remaining portion to fold back and act as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Proteases; ligand
93
Phagocytosis
The ingestion of bacteria and other material by phagocytes.
94
Macrophages arise from blood cells called ________ that migrate from the bloodstream.
Monocytes
95
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_adipose tissue stores excess energy as triglycerides and release fatty acids during fasting periods.
White
96
Role of resistin
Diminishes the effects of insulin upon muscle
97
Free fatty acids are transported by fatty acid \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_protein
Binding
98
Function of Fixed cells of connective tissue
Production and maintenance of the extracellular matrix
99
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mice produce inactive leptin
Ob/Ob
100
In cold patients, glucose is also taken up by metabolically active \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Brown fat
101
What three molecules are secreted by mast cells?
Histamine
Proteoglycan
Protease
102
What stain is used on elastin fibers?
Verhoef’s stain
103
In warmed patients, glucose is mainly taken up by the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Brain; heart
104
Macrophages have pale, bean shaped ____ and are abundant in cytoplasm.
Nuclei
105
Dense irregular connective tissue has more _______ than \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fibers; cells
106
What is anaphylactic shock?
An extreme, often life-threatening allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive
107
Three types of cartilage
1. Elastic
2. Hyaline
3. Fibrous
