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Exam 2 (PARP) > Biosynthesis and Cellular Traffic > Flashcards

Biosynthesis and Cellular Traffic Flashcards

1
Q

In type 1 proteins, the internal hydrophobic sequence serves as both a ____________ and an _____________ sequence.

A

Signal; anchor

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2
Q

BiP is a _________________ protein

A

Chaperone

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3
Q

Cells are polarized (organelles are in specific zones of the cell). Which type of secretion?

A

Regulated

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4
Q

As proteins traverse the golgi stacks, _____________ is modified.

A

Glycosylation

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5
Q

Which cell type has very few rER?

A

Erythroblast

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6
Q

Regulated secretions occur in ____________

A

Dense core vesicles

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7
Q

UPR stands for ____________

A

Unfolded Protein Response

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8
Q

BiP allows only _____________ sequences into the Rer.

A

Hydrophilic

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9
Q

Proteins destined for the ER- specific____________________

A
  1. Signal sequence
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10
Q

Proteins are secreted immediately after synthesis via small exocytic vessels. Which type of secretion?

A

Constitutive

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11
Q

The receptor is recycled after its release and returned to the ________

A

Golgi

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12
Q

Example modification made to glycosylation, as proteins traverse the golgi stacks

A

Addition of sialic acid

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13
Q

Players of co-translational translocation

A
  1. SRP (Signal recognizing particle)
  2. SRP receptor
  3. Translocon (channel)
  4. Sec 61
  5. Cleave signal sequence
  6. Folded protein
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14
Q

Lysosomal enzymes are sorted to the proper destination because they are attached to ______________.

A

Mannose-6-phosphate

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15
Q

COP1 and COP2 proteins enclose vesicles the bud the ____________

A

rEr

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16
Q

Which proteins get translocated during co-translational translocation?

A
  1. ER membrane and soluble proteins
  2. Golgi complex
  3. Lysosomal Proteins
  4. Plasma membrane proteins
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17
Q

Misfolded proteins are sent back to the ____________ from the ________.

A

Cytoplasm; Rer

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18
Q

The cargo is bound to the ______ receptor.

A

M8P

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19
Q

Where does the BiP protein bind on misfolded proteins?

A

Hydrophobic regions that would normally be inaccessible

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20
Q

Transport of proteins from rER to cell membrane (Pathway)

A

rER- COPII- cis Golgi- medial Golgi- Trans Golgi- Cell membrane

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21
Q

What occurs in the rER during protein translocation?

A
  1. Translation
  2. Segregation
  3. Signal removal
  4. Beginning of glycosylation
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22
Q

Type 2 membrane proteins do not have a cleavable _____________ER-signal sequence.

A

N- terminal

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23
Q

When the altered mRNA is translated into the X-box binding protein, the protein moves to the nucleus and activates the ___________ of many genes required for the ___________ of the rER and for protein secretion.

A

Transcription; expansion

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24
Q

tRNA binds the ______

A

Anticodon loop

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25
Q

Activated IRE1a protein cleaves an _____ from the mRNA for a master commanding protein called the X-box binding protein.

A

Intron

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26
Q

Which two cells have the most rER?

A

Plasma cells and pancreatic acinar cell

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27
Q

_________ proteins direct the vesicle to the proper place.

A

Adaptin

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28
Q

Glycosylation of Asparagine is what type of glycosylation?

A

N-linked

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29
Q

Secretion is continuous and not regulated by a stimulus. Which type of secretion?

A

Constitutive

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30
Q

What protein of the UPR blocks translation?

A

PERK

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31
Q

Rab1 protein plays an important role in the transport of proteins from the ___________ to the __________.

A

Golgi; plasma membrane

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32
Q

Functions of the Smooth ER

A
  1. Site of lipid synthesis
  2. Detoxification
  3. Glycogen synthesis
  4. Steroid synthesis
  5. Storage site for calcium
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33
Q

How many proteins are in the large ribosome?

A

50

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34
Q

Vesicles are coated with __________

A

Clathrin

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35
Q

After a newly synthesized protein passes through the translocon pore in the rER, composed of a protein called ________, the pore is re-sealed by a chaperone protein called _________.

A

Sec 61; BiP

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36
Q

What’s the purpose of coating vesicles?

A

It designated vesicles to a certain part of the cell

37
Q

Membrane proteins are subdivided into two types, a and b. Which subtype is cleavable and which is not?

A

A is cleavable; B is not cleavable

38
Q

Usually occurs in nonpolarized cells. Which type of secretion?

A

Constitutive

39
Q

Cell secreted episodically in response to a stimulus. Which type of secretion?

A

Regulated

40
Q

Occurs in cells with secretion granules. Which type of secretion?

A

Regulated

41
Q

Only vesicles coming from the ________ golgi network are coated

A

Trans

42
Q

How many proteins are in the small ribosome?

A

33

43
Q

Accumulation of too many unfolded proteins with the rER triggers a __________

A

Stress response

44
Q

Two types of secretion

A
  1. Regulated
  2. Constitutive
45
Q

XBP1 expands the _______________ apparatus and increases ____________in plasma cell differentiation.

A

Secretory; protein synthesis

46
Q

BiP blocks the ___________ channel, so everything doesn’t enter the Rer.

A

Sec 61

47
Q

_____________ residues stop transfer of the chain through the translocon

A

Hydrophobic

48
Q

Ubiquitin is added to __________ proteins.

A

Misfolded

49
Q

Once inside the rER Cisterna, proteins are ________ and _________.

A

Cleaved; folded

50
Q

What occurs in the medial Golgi during protein translocation?

A
  1. Saccharide chains of glycoproteins are modified
  2. Sulfation
51
Q

The small subunit of rRNA is _____, which further breaks down into which components?

A
  1. 40S; 18S
52
Q

tRNA bind the ________ and deliver it to the growing polypeptide chain.

A

Amino acid

53
Q

Proteins go back to the cytoplasm from the rough ER through what channel?

A

The sec61 translocon channel

54
Q

______________ proteins form a basket

A

Coatamer

55
Q

When BiP binds to too many unfolded proteins, it is released from another protein in the membrane of the rER termed _________.

A

IRE1α

56
Q

COPII transfers proteins from _______ to _______.

A

rER; Golgi

57
Q

Ribosomes have what sites of translation?

A
  1. Exit Site
  2. Peptidyl binding site
  3. Aminoacyl binding site
58
Q

If a protein is misfolded the _____ protein will leave its position to try to refold that protein.

A

BiP

59
Q

During glycosylation of proteins in rER, sugars are transferred from a membrane lipid called _______________ to the ___________residues of the protein.

A

DOLICHOL; asparagine

60
Q

Components of translation

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. Initiation factors
  4. Elongation factors
  5. Releasing factors
61
Q

tRNA decodes the codons in _____

A

mRNA

62
Q

Sec61

A

A channel on rER membrane

63
Q

When misfolded proteins bind to BiP, this allows IRE1 to _____ and become activated.

A

Dimerize

64
Q

BiP protein is a member of the _________ family of chaperone proteins.

A

Heat shock

65
Q

Type 2 membrane proteins

A
  1. Spans the membrane only once
  2. NH3 end exposed in the cytoplasm
  3. COO- end exposed at the ER lumen
  4. Consists of internal hydrophobic sequence
66
Q

Rab1 is active in its _______ bound form

A

GTP

67
Q

Type 3 Membrane Proteins

A
  1. Pass the membrane multiple times
  2. COO- end in the ER lumen
  3. NH3 end in the cytoplasm
68
Q

What occurs in the cis Golgi during protein translocation?

A

Phosphorylation of lysosomal glycoproteins

69
Q

X-box binding protein is also a _____

A

Transcription factor

70
Q

When a mutant form of BiP is expressed in cells, the rER transforms into large _____________

A

Vesicles

71
Q

What determines the amount of rER a cell has?

A

The amount of proteins that are synthesized

72
Q

What protein of the UPR activated transcription?

A

ATF6

73
Q

Type 1 Membrane Proteins

A
  1. Span the membrane only once
  2. NH3 end exposed at the ER lumen
  3. COO- end exposed at the cytoplasm
  4. Consists of an internal hydrophobic sequence
74
Q

Protein is digested by what enzyme?

A

Proteasome

75
Q

Secreted proteins are not stored in secretion granules. Which type of secretion?

A

Constitutive

76
Q

What protein clips vesicles?

A

Dynamin

77
Q

What proteins do cells synthesize?

A
  1. Proteins of ribosomes are most abundant
78
Q

COPI transfers proteins from___________ to ____________.

A

Golgi; rER

79
Q

Dissociation of receptor from cargo occurs at __________pH

A

An acidic

80
Q

What occurs in the trans Golgi network during protein translocation?

A
  1. Packing
  2. Condensation
  3. Storing
  4. Final proteolysis
  5. Specific distribution
81
Q

Protein export from the golgi stacks (Pathway)

A
  1. Protein cargo binds to membrane receptor
  2. Membrane receptor binds adaptin
  3. Adaptin assembles a basket of clathrin, which shapes and coats the vesicle
  4. The coated vesicle leaves the Golgi
82
Q

The large subunit of rRNA is _____, which further breaks down into which components?

A

60S; 5S, 5.85S, 28S

83
Q

In type 1 membrane proteins, _______________ residues allow anchoring in phospholipid bilayer and lateral movement

A

Hydrophobic

84
Q

Proteins destined for the ER (Pathway)

A
  1. Signal Recognition Particle binds to the peptide
  2. Signal Recognition Particle binds ribosome to a docking protein in the rER
  3. Translation is reinstated
  4. The SRP is liberated
85
Q

What protein removes the clathin coat?

A

Dynamin

86
Q

Binds to hydrophobic regions of misfolded proteins that normally would be unaccessible

A

BiP

87
Q

ATF6

A

Activates transcription

88
Q

PERK

A

Blocks Translation

89
Q

Unfolded Protein Response (Pathway)

A
  1. ATF6 is trafficked out of the Golgi where it can get cleaved, it will then move to the nucleus and act as a transcription factor to increase transcription of ER chaperone/ ER machinery genes.
  2. PERK blocks translation of proteins for the signal sequence that will bring proteins to the ER, it does this by phoshorylating an inteiation factor involved in the translation process.

Exam 2 (PARP) (17 decks)

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