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Exam 2 (PARP) > Cell Nucleus and Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Nucleus and Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Complex of proteins and rRNAs that form around the genes for ribosomal RNA

A

Nucleolus

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2
Q

Examples of transcription factors for RNA Polymerase II

A

TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE

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3
Q

About _____% of DNA is formed from “moderately repeated” sequences of several thousand bases. What are these molecules called?

A

45; transposons

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4
Q

Centrioles are duplicated and the mitotic spindle of microtubules is assembled. Which stage of mitosis?

A

Prophase

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5
Q

Microtubules attached to the _________ during_________.

A

Kinetochore; metaphase

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6
Q

What is the kinetochore?

A

A complex of proteins attached to each chromosome at the centromere.

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7
Q

Neuronal nuclei is what shape?

A

Round

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8
Q

Abnormal Lamin A protein becomes inappropriately ______________.

A

Farnesylated

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9
Q

A typical cell nucleus possess ______ nuclear pores

A

3000-4000

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10
Q

DNA synthesis is initiated when a __________ phosphorylates _______.

A

Cyclin dependent kinase; Rb

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11
Q

In each female cell, one ____ chromosome is randomly inactivated and condensed.

A

X

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12
Q

________ Rb prevents profession of cell cycle pas the restriction point of _____.

A

Unphosphorylated;G1

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13
Q

As chromosomes move apart along kinetochore microtubules, _____________ repel each other and push the two spindles apar

A

Polar microtubules

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14
Q

Muscle nuclei is what shape?

A

Oval

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15
Q

In what cell do interphase chromosomes occupy discrete territories with the nucleus?

A

Fibroblast

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16
Q

How do homologous chromosomes recognize each other?

A
  1. Uncharacterized proteins prevent pairing
  2. Epigenetic marks
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17
Q

All CDKs must bind _____ to be active.

A

Cyclin

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18
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Outside of nucleus

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19
Q

Karyotype analysis is performed on squashed cells that are halted in______ by __________ destabilizing drugs

A

Anaphase; microtubule

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20
Q

The inactivated X chromosome becomes attached to the ______.

A

Nucleolus

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21
Q

Short arms on chromosome

A

p

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22
Q

RAD 51 recombinase proteins are also found in what organ?

A

Lymphoid

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23
Q

Heterochromatin has ___________ DNA and stains________.

A

Condensed; dark

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24
Q

Gene ________ varies between cell types

A

Transcription

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25
Is phosphorylation Rb active or inactive?
Inactive
26
What complex degrades the cohesin attached to the kinetochore?
Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC)
27
1. Cohesin release is catalyzed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Polo-like kinase
28
Where does transcription occur?
in nucleus
29
What drives the switch from mitosis to meiosis?
Retonoic acid
30
TATA binding proteins are only _______ active
Weakly
31
Nuclear proteins contain a sequence of basic amino acids termed a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Nuclear Localization Sequence
32
1. Regulating factors that control the NANOG gene to maintain pluripotency of stem cells
OCT4 and SOX2
33
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ individual protein molecules are found in each pore and there are about ____________ varieties of nucleoporins.
456; 30
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes cutting and splicing of DNA during Crossing Over
RAD 51 recombinase protein
35
Cell cycle
36
How do homologous chromosomes pair so precisely?
Chromosome tips attach to the nuclear envelope during prophase 1 so that homologous pairs are aligned perfectly
37
Euchromatin has transcriptionally _________ DNA.
Active
38
The TATA box binds proteins needed for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
DNA transcription
39
What is the functions of nucleoporin proteins?
Binding and importing proteins and ribosomal subunits into the nucleus and out of the nucleus
40
What components of the cell does lamin interact with to regulate nuclear structure and function?
Nuclear Envelope, Transcription factors, and Rb protein
41
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ different TRFs are known.
2000
42
What are lamin proteins?
Intranuclear varieties of intermediate filaments
43
Progeria is caused by inherited abnormalities in what protein?
Lamin A
44
In the cell cycle, chromosomal DNA can be _________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Duplicated or separated
45
What holds homologous chromosomes together
Formation of Synaptonemal Complex (SCP1 protein)
46
Symptoms of progeria?
Accelerated aging, weak bones, facial abnormalities, and distorted nuclear shape
47
Why do some nuclei activate specific genes, and other nuclei activate other genes?
Each gene is marked by a specific sequence called the TATA box
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ binds adjacent DNA strands to each other
Synaptonemal Complex Protein
49
Abnormally farnesylated Lamina A interacts abnormally with a majorndepressor of transcription called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Retinoblastoma protein
50
During \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, human chromosomes remain in specific territories in the nucleus.
Interphase
51
Why do nuclei vary so much?
Variations in nuclear function and framework Variations in gene transcription
52
What do lamin proteins do?
Regulate nuclear structure and function
53
Sister chromatids are form during which phase of the cell cycle?
S
54
Unique features of the 1st meiotic division
1. Pairing of homologous chromosomes 2. Crossing over 3. 2nd Division 4. Haploid cells
55
During metaphase, cohesin is released from the sister chromatids, except at the \_\_\_\_\_
Kinetochore
56
Lamin proteins form the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Nuclear lamina
57
Examples of nucleoporin proteins.
DNA, RNA polymerases Transcription factors, histones
58
Pores are composed of _________ proteins
Nucleoporin
59
About ___ % of DNA is “satellite” DNA.
3
60
Which four Cyclin-dependent kinases are important for the cell cycle?
Cdk 1, 2, 4, 6
61
In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes condense?
Prophase
62
Long arms on chromosome
q
63
Site of assembly of ribosomal subunits
Nucleolus
64
The nuclear envelope is comprised out how many membranes?
2
65
In which stage of anaphase do the sister chromatids pull apart?
Anaphase
66
CDK2 phosphorylates Lamin and causes the disappearance of the \_\_\_\_\_\_, during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Nucleus envelope; prometaphase
67
What is required to increase the activity of TATA binding proteins?
Transcription regulating factor
68
Cells abundant with _________ are transcribing few genes.
Heterochromatin
69
Euchromatin has\_\_\_\_\_ DNA and stains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Uncondensed; pale
70
In white blood cells, the inactivated X chromosome appears as a dark-staining _____ within the nucleus
Barr Body
71
What type of analysis helps determine chromosome abnormalities?
Karyotype Analysis
72
In which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope disappear?
Prometaphase
73
What is karyotype analysis used for?
To access chromosomal number, banding patterns, and possible chromosomal breakages
74
APC degrades cohesion and \_\_\_\_\_.
Cyclins
75
In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up and attach to the spindle?
Metaphase
76
Which gene works to maintain pluripotency of stem cells?
NANOG
77
SCP1 protein is localized between paired \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Chromosomes
78
About \_\_\_\_% of DNA in chromatin actually codes for proteins
1
79
Chromatin architecture is fundamental in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
regulating gene expression
80
Heterochromatin has transcriptionally ________ DNA.
INACTIVE
81
Abnormally _________ Lamin-A interacts abnormally with a major depressor of transcription called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Farnesylated; RB Protein
82
In cystic fibrosis, abnormal chloride channels are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Digested by proteosomes

Exam 2 (PARP) (17 decks)

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