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Exam 2 (PARP) > Cell Nucleus and Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Nucleus and Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Complex of proteins and rRNAs that form around the genes for ribosomal RNA

A

Nucleolus

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2
Q

Examples of transcription factors for RNA Polymerase II

A

TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE

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3
Q

About _____% of DNA is formed from “moderately repeated” sequences of several thousand bases. What are these molecules called?

A

45; transposons

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4
Q

Centrioles are duplicated and the mitotic spindle of microtubules is assembled. Which stage of mitosis?

A

Prophase

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5
Q

Microtubules attached to the _________ during_________.

A

Kinetochore; metaphase

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6
Q

What is the kinetochore?

A

A complex of proteins attached to each chromosome at the centromere.

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7
Q

Neuronal nuclei is what shape?

A

Round

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8
Q

Abnormal Lamin A protein becomes inappropriately ______________.

A

Farnesylated

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9
Q

A typical cell nucleus possess ______ nuclear pores

A

3000-4000

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10
Q

DNA synthesis is initiated when a __________ phosphorylates _______.

A

Cyclin dependent kinase; Rb

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11
Q

In each female cell, one ____ chromosome is randomly inactivated and condensed.

A

X

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12
Q

________ Rb prevents profession of cell cycle pas the restriction point of _____.

A

Unphosphorylated;G1

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13
Q

As chromosomes move apart along kinetochore microtubules, _____________ repel each other and push the two spindles apar

A

Polar microtubules

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14
Q

Muscle nuclei is what shape?

A

Oval

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15
Q

In what cell do interphase chromosomes occupy discrete territories with the nucleus?

A

Fibroblast

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16
Q

How do homologous chromosomes recognize each other?

A
  1. Uncharacterized proteins prevent pairing
  2. Epigenetic marks
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17
Q

All CDKs must bind _____ to be active.

A

Cyclin

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18
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Outside of nucleus

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19
Q

Karyotype analysis is performed on squashed cells that are halted in______ by __________ destabilizing drugs

A

Anaphase; microtubule

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20
Q

The inactivated X chromosome becomes attached to the ______.

A

Nucleolus

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21
Q

Short arms on chromosome

A

p

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22
Q

RAD 51 recombinase proteins are also found in what organ?

A

Lymphoid

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23
Q

Heterochromatin has ___________ DNA and stains________.

A

Condensed; dark

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24
Q

Gene ________ varies between cell types

A

Transcription

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25
Q

Is phosphorylation Rb active or inactive?

A

Inactive

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26
Q

What complex degrades the cohesin attached to the kinetochore?

A

Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC)

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27
Q
  1. Cohesin release is catalyzed by _________
A

Polo-like kinase

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28
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

in nucleus

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29
Q

What drives the switch from mitosis to meiosis?

A

Retonoic acid

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30
Q

TATA binding proteins are only _______ active

A

Weakly

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31
Q

Nuclear proteins contain a sequence of basic amino acids termed a _______

A

Nuclear Localization Sequence

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32
Q
  1. Regulating factors that control the NANOG gene to maintain pluripotency of stem cells
A

OCT4 and SOX2

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33
Q

________ individual protein molecules are found in each pore and there are about ____________ varieties of nucleoporins.

A

456; 30

34
Q

________________ causes cutting and splicing of DNA during Crossing Over

A

RAD 51 recombinase protein

35
Q

Cell cycle

A
36
Q

How do homologous chromosomes pair so precisely?

A

Chromosome tips attach to the nuclear envelope during prophase 1 so that homologous pairs are aligned perfectly

37
Q

Euchromatin has transcriptionally _________ DNA.

A

Active

38
Q

The TATA box binds proteins needed for __________

A

DNA transcription

39
Q

What is the functions of nucleoporin proteins?

A

Binding and importing proteins and ribosomal subunits into the nucleus and out of the nucleus

40
Q

What components of the cell does lamin interact with to regulate nuclear structure and function?

A

Nuclear Envelope, Transcription factors, and Rb protein

41
Q

_______ different TRFs are known.

A

2000

42
Q

What are lamin proteins?

A

Intranuclear varieties of intermediate filaments

43
Q

Progeria is caused by inherited abnormalities in what protein?

A

Lamin A

44
Q

In the cell cycle, chromosomal DNA can be _________ or ___________.

A

Duplicated or separated

45
Q

What holds homologous chromosomes together

A

Formation of Synaptonemal Complex (SCP1 protein)

46
Q

Symptoms of progeria?

A

Accelerated aging, weak bones, facial abnormalities, and distorted nuclear shape

47
Q

Why do some nuclei activate specific genes, and other nuclei activate other genes?

A

Each gene is marked by a specific sequence called the TATA box

48
Q

__________________________ binds adjacent DNA strands to each other

A

Synaptonemal Complex Protein

49
Q

Abnormally farnesylated Lamina A interacts abnormally with a majorndepressor of transcription called the ________

A

Retinoblastoma protein

50
Q

During ________, human chromosomes remain in specific territories in the nucleus.

A

Interphase

51
Q

Why do nuclei vary so much?

A

Variations in nuclear function and framework

Variations in gene transcription

52
Q

What do lamin proteins do?

A

Regulate nuclear structure and function

53
Q

Sister chromatids are form during which phase of the cell cycle?

A

S

54
Q

Unique features of the 1st meiotic division

A
  1. Pairing of homologous chromosomes
  2. Crossing over
  3. 2nd Division
  4. Haploid cells
55
Q

During metaphase, cohesin is released from the sister chromatids, except at the _____

A

Kinetochore

56
Q

Lamin proteins form the _______.

A

Nuclear lamina

57
Q

Examples of nucleoporin proteins.

A

DNA, RNA polymerases

Transcription factors, histones

58
Q

Pores are composed of _________ proteins

A

Nucleoporin

59
Q

About ___ % of DNA is “satellite” DNA.

A

3

60
Q

Which four Cyclin-dependent kinases are important for the cell cycle?

A

Cdk 1, 2, 4, 6

61
Q

In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes condense?

A

Prophase

62
Q

Long arms on chromosome

A

q

63
Q

Site of assembly of ribosomal subunits

A

Nucleolus

64
Q

The nuclear envelope is comprised out how many membranes?

A

2

65
Q

In which stage of anaphase do the sister chromatids pull apart?

A

Anaphase

66
Q

CDK2 phosphorylates Lamin and causes the disappearance of the ______, during _______.

A

Nucleus envelope; prometaphase

67
Q

What is required to increase the activity of TATA binding proteins?

A

Transcription regulating factor

68
Q

Cells abundant with _________ are transcribing few genes.

A

Heterochromatin

69
Q

Euchromatin has_____ DNA and stains ________.

A

Uncondensed; pale

70
Q

In white blood cells, the inactivated X chromosome appears as a dark-staining _____ within the nucleus

A

Barr Body

71
Q

What type of analysis helps determine chromosome abnormalities?

A

Karyotype Analysis

72
Q

In which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope disappear?

A

Prometaphase

73
Q

What is karyotype analysis used for?

A

To access chromosomal number, banding patterns, and possible chromosomal breakages

74
Q

APC degrades cohesion and _____.

A

Cyclins

75
Q

In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up and attach to the spindle?

A

Metaphase

76
Q

Which gene works to maintain pluripotency of stem cells?

A

NANOG

77
Q

SCP1 protein is localized between paired __________

A

Chromosomes

78
Q

About ____% of DNA in chromatin actually codes for proteins

A

1

79
Q

Chromatin architecture is fundamental in ____________________.

A

regulating gene expression

80
Q

Heterochromatin has transcriptionally ________ DNA.

A

INACTIVE

81
Q

Abnormally _________ Lamin-A interacts abnormally with a major depressor of transcription called the _________

A

Farnesylated; RB Protein

82
Q

In cystic fibrosis, abnormal chloride channels are _____________

A

Digested by proteosomes

Exam 2 (PARP) (17 decks)

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