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Exam 2 (PARP) > Membrane Structure and Function > Flashcards

Membrane Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Which two toxins recognize and bind to specific glycolipids on intestinal epithelial cells?

A

HIV and Cholera toxin

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2
Q

How do the acetylcholine receptors work?

A
  1. The ion channel is blocked
  2. The two acetylcholine bind to receptors
  3. Channels open
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3
Q

Membranes flow between organelles with addition, modification or removal of components causing_________.

A

Consecutive membranes to differ

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4
Q

Examples of single pass membranes

A

Notch and its ligand

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5
Q

Single pass transmembrane proteins function

A

Receptors

Cell recognition

Cell attachment

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6
Q

Examples of large multipass transmembrane receptors

A

Acetylcholine receptors

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7
Q

How do membranes grow?

A

Membranes grow through enlargement of preexistent membranes

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8
Q

Cholesterol _______ the membrane permeability to small molecules.

A

Decreases

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9
Q

Function of membranes

A

protect the cell from its surroundings

controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles.

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10
Q

The two sides of membranes are called ______.

A

Leaflets

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11
Q

Where are proteins that are covalently bound to lipids found?

A

Always C side

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12
Q

The E leaflet consists mainly of _______ and ______.

A

Phoshatidyl choline (PC) and spingomyelin (SM)

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13
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

The CHO layer on the outer surface of the plasma membrane

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14
Q

Src is a ___________

A

Tyrosine kinase

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15
Q

The presences of PS on the E leaflet triggers _______ of these aged cells by macrophages.

A

Phagocytosis

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16
Q

Two shapes that lipid rafts can take on.

A

Flat or form pockets (caveolae)

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17
Q

How are peripheral membrane proteins bound to the membrane?

A

Ionically

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18
Q

What does alkaline phosphatase do?

A

Increases the local concentration of free phosphate from calcium phosphate in bone

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19
Q

Macromolecules incorporated in membranes. Which organelles incorporate these organelles?

A

Lipid:cytosine

Proteins: ER

Carbohydrates: Golgi

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20
Q

Glycocalyx functions

A

Cell recognition

Enzymatic activity

Contains receptors for antibodies, hormones, bacteria, and viruses

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21
Q

Function of membrane proteins and glycoproteins

A

Signaling

Transport across the membrane

Cell adhesion

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22
Q

ALL glycolipids are found in which leaflet?

A

E

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23
Q

Lipid rafts have a selective affinity for which proteins?

A

Ras and Src proteins and GPI anchored proteins

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24
Q

What are apical proteins? What is their function?

A

At the apex

25
Q

Can cholesterol move between leaflets?

A

Yes; even in the absence of scramblases

26
Q

Where are GPI anchored proteins located?

A

E side

27
Q

Membranes consist of a _____ head and ______ tail.

A

Hydrophilic; hydrophobic

28
Q

Function of proteins covalently bound to lipids

A

Receptor-related signaling

29
Q

Dystrophin is defective in _________.

A

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

30
Q

Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins- Location

A

Receptors

Enzymes

31
Q

Membrane proteins involved in _______ into the cell concentrate in lipid rafts.

A

Signal transduction

32
Q

Where can alkaline phosphatase be found?

A

In osteoblasts membranes

33
Q

Mixtures of ____ and ______ spontaneously form a bilateral membrane in an aqueous solution.

A

Phospholipids; glycolipids

34
Q

______ and _______ lipid-linked signaling proteins that stimulate cell proliferation

A

Src; Ras

35
Q

Ras is a __________

A

GTP-binding protein

36
Q

_______ are microdomains within the plasma membrane enriched (2X) in cholesterol and spingolipids.

A

Lipid rafts

37
Q

What enzyme causes membranes to lose asymmetry as they age?

A

Scramblase enzymes

38
Q

Hydrophilic components of membranes

A

Sugar and phosphate

39
Q

The C leaflet consists mainly of _______ and _____.

A

Phoshatidyl serine (PS); phoshatidyl ethanolamine (PE)

40
Q

Large multipass transmembrane proteins functions

A

Receptors

Transport proteins

41
Q

What role does scramblase play?

A

Flips lipids from one side to the other

42
Q

Function of glycolipids and glycoproteins

A

Protects proteins from proteolysis

Cell adhesion

Cell recognition

43
Q

Function of proteins bound to the membrane by ionic bonds

A

Bind other structures to the cell membrane

44
Q

Are plasma membranes homogeneous?

A

No

45
Q

Example of a GPI-linked protein

A

Alkaline phosphatase

46
Q

In cellular membranes, the bilateral is _____

A

Asymmetric

47
Q

Where a proteins that are ionically bound to the membrane located?

A

On both C and E sides

48
Q

What are the two sides of all membranes?

A

Cytoplasmic

Exoplasmic

49
Q

Example of cells, whose membranes lose asymmetry as they age.

A

Red blood cells

50
Q

Example of glycolipids that function in cell recognition

A

ABO blood groups

51
Q

What gives membranes their characteristics?

A

The composition

52
Q

________ anchors actin filaments in skeletal muscle cells to a complex of proteins in the muscle cell membrane.

A

Dystrophin

53
Q

Where is Notch located?

A

Cell 1

54
Q

Where is Notch’s ligand located?

A

Cell 2

55
Q

Can glycolipids and phospholipids move between leaflets?

A

Yes but only when scramblases are present

56
Q

Steps of tyrosine kinase signaling?

A
  1. Ligands (Epidermal growth factor) binds to the receptors
  2. The receptors form diners
  3. The dimers cross- phosphorylation their cytoplasmic tails
  4. Tyrosine kinase domains activated
  5. Other proteins phosphorylation
  6. Cell proliferation stimulated
57
Q

G protein coupled receptor is what type of protein?

A

Large multipass transmembrane

58
Q

Acetylcholine receptors can be found in the membranes of what type of muscle cells?

A

Skeletal

Exam 2 (PARP) (17 decks)

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