Muscle Flashcards
1
Q
Ca2+ comes from an outside source in _________ muscle.
A
Cardiac
2
Q
______ anchors actin to the Z disk
A
α-actinin
3
Q
Function of gap junctions
A
Make sure entire cell can function as a unit
4
Q
Dystrophin-associated protein complex= _________ complex + _________ complex
A
Dystroglycan; sarcoglycan
5
Q
Finer movements have _______ presynaptic buttons innervating them.
A
Less
6
Q
Can cardiac muscle cells regenerate?
A
No
7
Q
Development of skeletal muscle (Pathway)
A
Embryonic mesoderm cells -> Myoblasts-> Myotube-> Mature skeletal muscle fiber
8
Q
Thick filaments
A
Myosin
9
Q
What are the three muscle types?
A
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
10
Q
3 different types of troponin in the Troponin Complex. What are their roles?
A
- Troponin I- Inhibits binding to myosin
- Troponin C- Ca2+- binding site
- Troponin T- Binds complex to tropomyosin
11
Q
Caveola in Smooth Muscle Role
A
Stretch sensing
12
Q
The Golgi Tendon organ is important in_________
A
Reflexes
13
Q
Plectin links _______ and _________ together
A
Desmin; actin
14
Q
The H zone is made of what microfilament (s)
A
Myosin
15
Q
Which has a bigger sarcoplasmic reticulum cardiac or skeletal muscle?
A
Skeletal
16
Q
The triad is found in ________muscle and is composed of 2_____ and 1________.
A
Skeletal; terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum; T tubule
17
Q
Cardiac muscle (Location, Appearance, Type of Activity, Stimulation)
A
- Location: Muscles of the heart and adjacent portions of the great vessels (aorta, vena cava)
- Appearance: Branching and anastomosing shorter fibers with transverse striations running parallel and connected end-to-end by intercalated discs
- Type of activity: Strong, quick, continuous, rhythmic contraction; acts to pump blood from heart
- Stimulation: Involuntary; Intrinsically stimulated and propagate; rate and strength of contraction modified by autonomic nervous system
18
Q
What is the most frequent early sign of myasthenia gravis?
A
A drooping eyelid
19
Q
- Draw a sarcomere.
A
20
Q
C protein and myomesin come together to form the ___ line
A
M
21
Q
Connective tissue around the entire muscle
A
Epimysium
22
Q
What two muscle types have striations?
A
- Cardiac
- Skeletal
23
Q
Connective tissue around the fascicles
A
Perimysium
24
Q
The M- line connects _______
A
Myosin
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interconnects the bare region of myosin
Myomesin
26
Two broad types of muscle proteins in sarcomere
1. Contractile
2. Structural
27
Myosin I binds to \_\_\_\_\_
microvilli
28
Fibers can change with training due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Angiogenesis
29
A bundle of muscle fibers is called a _______ and is wrapped with \_\_\_\_\_
Fascicle; Perimysium
30
Twitch type IIB
1. White
2. Low myoglobin concentration
3. Low O2 Concentration
4. Fast
5. Easily fatigue
6. Mitochondria: Few
7. Capillaries: Few
8. Activities best suited for: Brief periods of intensity
31
Thin filaments
Actin
32
The desmin, plectin, αβ-crystallin, and Z disk form the _________ complex.
Dystrophin- associated
33
“Strained” applies to \_\_\_\_\_\_
Muscle
34
Tendons is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_to\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Bone; muscle
35
Which two muscle types are multinucleated?
1. Cardiac
2. Skeletal
36
Creatine Cycle
1. Direct phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
3. Glycolysis
37
Troponin blocks\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Myosin- binding sites
38
What sets cardiac muscle apart from both of the other two muscle types?
Presence of intercalated disc
39
Multinucleated muscle fiber/ cell
Syncytium
40
The action potential opens the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_sensitive Ca2+ channels
Ryanodine
41
Contractile Proteins
1. Myosin
2. Actin
42
Gap junctions are\_\_\_\_\_\_ junctions
Electrical
43
Ligament is ________ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Bone; Bone
44
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_band is dark, which the _________ band is light
A; I
45
Most efficient energy supply for contraction
Aerobic respiration
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells differentiate in to muscle cells when muscle is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Satellite; injured
47
Two types of intrafusal muscle fibers
1. Nuclear bag fibers: consists of a central sensory bag-like region
2. Nuclear chain fiber: Contains a chain-like array of nuclei
48
Action Potential
1. Na+ channels open
2. Cell is depolarized, due to having a more positive charge than the outside of the cell
3. Action potential sent
4. Action potential opens up Ca+ voltage-gated channels
5. Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter vesicles
6. Acetylcholine released from presynaptic neuron
7. Acetylcholine binds to its receptors that are a part of the sarcolemma
8. More action potentials are fired
49
The neuromuscular spindle measures \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Proprioception
50
Formation of F- Actin
Microfilament-\> dimer-\> trimer-\>F-actin
51
Several __________ fuse together to form a myotube.
Myoblasts
52
What protein induces differentiation in muscle cells?
MyoD
53
Role of Atrial natriuretic Peptide/ Factor
Reduces blood pressure by increasing the filtration rate of kidneys, which reduces blood volume
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is the cell membrane of the muscle
Sarcolemma
55
The sodium- calcium exchanger can be abbreviated to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
NCX
56
Which three sarcomere proteins reduce stress by spreading out stress response? Are these proteins intermediate filaments, microtubulues, or microfilaments?
Desmin, Plectin, αβ-crystallin; intermediate filaments
57
Signals are constantly being sent to the _________ nervous system
Central
58
The unit # of the neuromuscular junction is equivalent to the # of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Presynaptic buttons
59
Cytosolic Ca2+ is removed by active transport into the ___________ after action potential ends.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
60
Components of intercalated disks
1. Intercellular space
2. Desmosomes
3. Gap junctions
61
In smooth muscle, myosin must be activated first; this mechanism is catalyzed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Myosin light chain kinase (MYLK)
62
Two types of mechanical junctions
1. Fascia adherins
2. Desmosomes
63
Microtubules are added toward the _______ end to form F-actin.
Plus
64
Myosin II binds to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Actin
65
Can smooth muscle create new cells, using satellite cells?
Yes
66
Connective tissue around each muscle fiber
Endomysium
67
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
1. Defect in dystrophin
2. X-linked
68
Twitch type I
1. Red
2. High Myoglobin content
3. High O2 Content
4. Slow
5. Fatigue-resistant
6. Mitochondria: Many
7. Capillaries: Many
8. Activities best suited for: Endurance
69
“Sprained” applies to \_\_\_\_\_\_
Tendon/ ligaments
70
Units from smallest to largest of a muscle cell
Sacromere-\> myofibrils-\> myofibers-\> muscle
71
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are immature multinucleate muscle fibers
Myotubes
72
3 layers of heart muscle
Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium
73
Most basic unit of muscle cells
Sacromere
74
Synaptic vessels in muscles contain what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
75
αβ-crystallin is a _________ protein
Chaperone
76
Role of Electrical Syncytium in Smooth Muscle
Transports Ca2+ into the cell
Allows coordinated contraction of muscles along their entire length
77
Desmin, plectin and αβ-crystallin form a network around the ___________ disks
Z
78
Which has more sarcoplasmic reticulum Type I or Type IIB twitch fibers?
Type IIB
79
In smooth muscle, actin and myosin connect by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_bodies
Dense
80
Role of Dystrophin
Links actin to sarcolemma
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are extensions of sarcolemma that go into the muscle
T Tubule
82
Desmin connects to the _______ and helps spread out the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Sarcolemma; stress response
83
The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains what ion?
Calcium
84
Protein that acts as a template for myosin
Titin
85
The sarcomere spans between ___ disk
Z
86
The action potential is transmitted through which component of the neuromuscular junction?
T-tubule
87
Hypertrophy
Enlargement of organs, due to an increase in cell size
88
Skeletal muscle (Location, Appearance, Type of Activity, Stimulation)
1. Location: Attached to skeleton, fascia of extremities, back, and head/neck
2. Appearance: Large, very long, unbranched, cylindrical fibers with transverse striations, arranged in parallel bundles
3. Type of Activity: Strong, quick intermittent contractions above a baseline tonus; acts primarily to produce movement or resist gravity
4. Stimulation: Voluntary by the somatic nervous system
89
The neuromuscular junction of ___________ is diad, instead of triad.
Cardiac muscle
90
During a contraction, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_bands shorten, while the ________ band stays constant.
I and H; A
91
What are the three cell types of myocardium
1. Contractile
2. Myoendrocrine
3. Nodal
92
What is role of the troponin complex?
Stabilizes the actin- tropomyosin structure
93
Smooth muscle (Location, Appearance, Type of Activity, Stimulation)
1. Location: Walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels, iris, and ciliary body of eye; attached to hair follicles of skin
2. Appearance: Single or agglomerated small, spindle-shaped fibers without striation
3. Type of activity: Weak, slow, rhythmic or sustained tonic contraction; acts mainly to propel substances and to restrict flow
4. Stimulation: Involuntary by autonomic nervous system
94
The I band is made of what microfilament(s)
Actin
95
Structural proteins and roles
1. Precise arrangement in sarcomere: Myomesin, C-Protein, Titin, Nebulin, alpha- actinin, tropomudulin
2. Alignment of myofibrils: desmin, αβ-crystallin, pletin
3. Links actin to sarcolemma: dystrophin
96
Binding of ________ exposes myosin binding sites
Ca 2+
97
3 major types of cardiac muscle
1. Atrial
2. Ventricular
3. Special excitatory
4. Conductive muscle fibers
98
The M-line pulls actin in, which causes a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Contraction
99
Two types of proprioceptors in muscle
1. Neuromuscular spindle
2. Golgi Tendon organ
100
Desmosomes are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_junctions
Mechanical
101
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_muscle fibers are only in the muscle spindle
Intrafusal
102
Tropomyosin spans \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and maintains F- actin structure
Actin
103
In cardiac muscle, the T-tubule runs down the _____ disk.
Z
104
Myosin II in smooth muscle becomes active once it has been \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Phosphorylated
105
Muscle contraction pathway
1. Ca2+ binds to troponin C, which causes a conformational change that exposes the myosin binding sites
1. The myosin, which has ADP and inorganic phosphate attached, binds forming cross bridge
2. The inorganic phosphate is released, which initiated the power stroke.
3. The myosin head bends as it pulls on the actin filament, sliding it toward the M line
4. The ADP is released
5. A new ATP attaches to the myosin head, which causes the link between myosin and actin to weaken
6. The cross bridge detaches
7. As ATP is hydrolyzed and split into ADP and inorganic phosphate, the myosin is energized and cock back into the high-energy conformation
106
Roles of Fascia adherins. Where is it found?
Anchor actin filaments. Within I band
107
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_muscle fibers traverse the whole length of the muscle
Extrafusal
108
T-tubules help spread \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. So that contractions occur evenly over entire muscle
Ions
109
Which two proteins provide structural support in smooth muscle?
Desmin and vimentin
110
Protein that acts as a template for actin
Nebulin
111
Most basic unit of muscle cells
Sacromere
112
Cardiac muscle conduction pathway
SA node-\>AV node-\> bundle of His-\> Purkinje fibers
113
Atrial cells release \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_hormone upon stretch of atrial cells.
Atrial natriuretic Peptide/ Factor
114
The __________ exchanger is an antiporter membrane protein that removes Ca2+ from cells
Sodium- Calcium
115
1. In times of injury cardiac muscle get \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Bigger
116
The A band is made of what microfilament (s)
Actin and myosin
117
Roles of desmosomes
Anchors two cells together
118
It is at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the \_\_\_\_\_\_, causing muscle contraction.
Neuromuscular; muscle fiber
119
Skeletal muscles need to get over a __________ before they can contract.
Baseline
120
All types of muscle cells synthesize type ______ collagen. Some smooth muscle cells synthesize type _______ collagen and ___ fibers as well.
4; 3 ; elastic
121
What is the difference in contraction between parallel fasciles and diagonal fascicles?
Parallel fascicles contract alot and fast but they are not very strong.
Diaganol fasicles are strong
122
What anchors the actin to the Z disk?
A- actinin
123
What is the role of tropomodulin?
It prevents actin from adding onto the hanging minus end
124
