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Exam 2 (PARP) > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Ca2+ comes from an outside source in _________ muscle.

A

Cardiac

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2
Q

______ anchors actin to the Z disk

A

α-actinin

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3
Q

Function of gap junctions

A

Make sure entire cell can function as a unit

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4
Q

Dystrophin-associated protein complex= _________ complex + _________ complex

A

Dystroglycan; sarcoglycan

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5
Q

Finer movements have _______ presynaptic buttons innervating them.

A

Less

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6
Q

Can cardiac muscle cells regenerate?

A

No

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7
Q

Development of skeletal muscle (Pathway)

A

Embryonic mesoderm cells -> Myoblasts-> Myotube-> Mature skeletal muscle fiber

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8
Q

Thick filaments

A

Myosin

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9
Q

What are the three muscle types?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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10
Q

3 different types of troponin in the Troponin Complex. What are their roles?

A
  1. Troponin I- Inhibits binding to myosin
  2. Troponin C- Ca2+- binding site
  3. Troponin T- Binds complex to tropomyosin
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11
Q

Caveola in Smooth Muscle Role

A

Stretch sensing

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12
Q

The Golgi Tendon organ is important in_________

A

Reflexes

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13
Q

Plectin links _______ and _________ together

A

Desmin; actin

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14
Q

The H zone is made of what microfilament (s)

A

Myosin

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15
Q

Which has a bigger sarcoplasmic reticulum cardiac or skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal

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16
Q

The triad is found in ________muscle and is composed of 2_____ and 1________.

A

Skeletal; terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum; T tubule

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17
Q

Cardiac muscle (Location, Appearance, Type of Activity, Stimulation)

A
  1. Location: Muscles of the heart and adjacent portions of the great vessels (aorta, vena cava)
  2. Appearance: Branching and anastomosing shorter fibers with transverse striations running parallel and connected end-to-end by intercalated discs
  3. Type of activity: Strong, quick, continuous, rhythmic contraction; acts to pump blood from heart
  4. Stimulation: Involuntary; Intrinsically stimulated and propagate; rate and strength of contraction modified by autonomic nervous system
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18
Q

What is the most frequent early sign of myasthenia gravis?

A

A drooping eyelid

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19
Q
  1. Draw a sarcomere.
A
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20
Q

C protein and myomesin come together to form the ___ line

A

M

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21
Q

Connective tissue around the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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22
Q

What two muscle types have striations?

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Skeletal
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23
Q

Connective tissue around the fascicles

A

Perimysium

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24
Q

The M- line connects _______

A

Myosin

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25
Q

_______ interconnects the bare region of myosin

A

Myomesin

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26
Q

Two broad types of muscle proteins in sarcomere

A
  1. Contractile
  2. Structural
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27
Q

Myosin I binds to _____

A

microvilli

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28
Q

Fibers can change with training due to _________

A

Angiogenesis

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29
Q

A bundle of muscle fibers is called a _______ and is wrapped with _____

A

Fascicle; Perimysium

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30
Q

Twitch type IIB

A
  1. White
  2. Low myoglobin concentration
  3. Low O2 Concentration
  4. Fast
  5. Easily fatigue
  6. Mitochondria: Few
  7. Capillaries: Few
  8. Activities best suited for: Brief periods of intensity
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31
Q

Thin filaments

A

Actin

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32
Q

The desmin, plectin, αβ-crystallin, and Z disk form the _________ complex.

A

Dystrophin- associated

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33
Q

“Strained” applies to ______

A

Muscle

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34
Q

Tendons is _______to__________

A

Bone; muscle

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35
Q

Which two muscle types are multinucleated?

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Skeletal
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36
Q

Creatine Cycle

A
  1. Direct phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
  3. Glycolysis
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37
Q

Troponin blocks_______

A

Myosin- binding sites

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38
Q

What sets cardiac muscle apart from both of the other two muscle types?

A

Presence of intercalated disc

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39
Q

Multinucleated muscle fiber/ cell

A

Syncytium

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40
Q

The action potential opens the _________sensitive Ca2+ channels

A

Ryanodine

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41
Q

Contractile Proteins

A
  1. Myosin
  2. Actin
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42
Q

Gap junctions are______ junctions

A

Electrical

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43
Q

Ligament is ________ to _________

A

Bone; Bone

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44
Q

The _______band is dark, which the _________ band is light

A

A; I

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45
Q

Most efficient energy supply for contraction

A

Aerobic respiration

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46
Q

_____________ cells differentiate in to muscle cells when muscle is ________.

A

Satellite; injured

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47
Q

Two types of intrafusal muscle fibers

A
  1. Nuclear bag fibers: consists of a central sensory bag-like region
  2. Nuclear chain fiber: Contains a chain-like array of nuclei
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48
Q

Action Potential

A
  1. Na+ channels open
  2. Cell is depolarized, due to having a more positive charge than the outside of the cell
  3. Action potential sent
  4. Action potential opens up Ca+ voltage-gated channels
  5. Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter vesicles
  6. Acetylcholine released from presynaptic neuron
  7. Acetylcholine binds to its receptors that are a part of the sarcolemma
  8. More action potentials are fired
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49
Q

The neuromuscular spindle measures ___________

A

Proprioception

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50
Q

Formation of F- Actin

A

Microfilament-> dimer-> trimer->F-actin

51
Q

Several __________ fuse together to form a myotube.

A

Myoblasts

52
Q

What protein induces differentiation in muscle cells?

A

MyoD

53
Q

Role of Atrial natriuretic Peptide/ Factor

A

Reduces blood pressure by increasing the filtration rate of kidneys, which reduces blood volume

54
Q

___________is the cell membrane of the muscle

A

Sarcolemma

55
Q

The sodium- calcium exchanger can be abbreviated to ________

A

NCX

56
Q

Which three sarcomere proteins reduce stress by spreading out stress response? Are these proteins intermediate filaments, microtubulues, or microfilaments?

A

Desmin, Plectin, αβ-crystallin; intermediate filaments

57
Q

Signals are constantly being sent to the _________ nervous system

A

Central

58
Q

The unit # of the neuromuscular junction is equivalent to the # of _______

A

Presynaptic buttons

59
Q

Cytosolic Ca2+ is removed by active transport into the ___________ after action potential ends.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

Components of intercalated disks

A
  1. Intercellular space
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap junctions
61
Q

In smooth muscle, myosin must be activated first; this mechanism is catalyzed by _______

A

Myosin light chain kinase (MYLK)

62
Q

Two types of mechanical junctions

A
  1. Fascia adherins
  2. Desmosomes
63
Q

Microtubules are added toward the _______ end to form F-actin.

A

Plus

64
Q

Myosin II binds to _________

A

Actin

65
Q

Can smooth muscle create new cells, using satellite cells?

A

Yes

66
Q

Connective tissue around each muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

67
Q

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

A
  1. Defect in dystrophin
  2. X-linked
68
Q

Twitch type I

A
  1. Red
  2. High Myoglobin content
  3. High O2 Content
  4. Slow
  5. Fatigue-resistant
  6. Mitochondria: Many
  7. Capillaries: Many
  8. Activities best suited for: Endurance
69
Q

“Sprained” applies to ______

A

Tendon/ ligaments

70
Q

Units from smallest to largest of a muscle cell

A

Sacromere-> myofibrils-> myofibers-> muscle

71
Q

________ are immature multinucleate muscle fibers

A

Myotubes

72
Q

3 layers of heart muscle

A

Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium

73
Q

Most basic unit of muscle cells

A

Sacromere

74
Q

Synaptic vessels in muscles contain what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

75
Q

αβ-crystallin is a _________ protein

A

Chaperone

76
Q

Role of Electrical Syncytium in Smooth Muscle

A

Transports Ca2+ into the cell

Allows coordinated contraction of muscles along their entire length

77
Q

Desmin, plectin and αβ-crystallin form a network around the ___________ disks

A

Z

78
Q

Which has more sarcoplasmic reticulum Type I or Type IIB twitch fibers?

A

Type IIB

79
Q

In smooth muscle, actin and myosin connect by __________bodies

A

Dense

80
Q

Role of Dystrophin

A

Links actin to sarcolemma

81
Q

__________ are extensions of sarcolemma that go into the muscle

A

T Tubule

82
Q

Desmin connects to the _______ and helps spread out the __________

A

Sarcolemma; stress response

83
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains what ion?

A

Calcium

84
Q

Protein that acts as a template for myosin

A

Titin

85
Q

The sarcomere spans between ___ disk

A

Z

86
Q

The action potential is transmitted through which component of the neuromuscular junction?

A

T-tubule

87
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of organs, due to an increase in cell size

88
Q

Skeletal muscle (Location, Appearance, Type of Activity, Stimulation)

A
  1. Location: Attached to skeleton, fascia of extremities, back, and head/neck
  2. Appearance: Large, very long, unbranched, cylindrical fibers with transverse striations, arranged in parallel bundles
  3. Type of Activity: Strong, quick intermittent contractions above a baseline tonus; acts primarily to produce movement or resist gravity
  4. Stimulation: Voluntary by the somatic nervous system
89
Q

The neuromuscular junction of ___________ is diad, instead of triad.

A

Cardiac muscle

90
Q

During a contraction, the _________bands shorten, while the ________ band stays constant.

A

I and H; A

91
Q

What are the three cell types of myocardium

A
  1. Contractile
  2. Myoendrocrine
  3. Nodal
92
Q

What is role of the troponin complex?

A

Stabilizes the actin- tropomyosin structure

93
Q

Smooth muscle (Location, Appearance, Type of Activity, Stimulation)

A
  1. Location: Walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels, iris, and ciliary body of eye; attached to hair follicles of skin
  2. Appearance: Single or agglomerated small, spindle-shaped fibers without striation
  3. Type of activity: Weak, slow, rhythmic or sustained tonic contraction; acts mainly to propel substances and to restrict flow
  4. Stimulation: Involuntary by autonomic nervous system
94
Q

The I band is made of what microfilament(s)

A

Actin

95
Q

Structural proteins and roles

A
  1. Precise arrangement in sarcomere: Myomesin, C-Protein, Titin, Nebulin, alpha- actinin, tropomudulin
  2. Alignment of myofibrils: desmin, αβ-crystallin, pletin
  3. Links actin to sarcolemma: dystrophin
96
Q

Binding of ________ exposes myosin binding sites

A

Ca 2+

97
Q

3 major types of cardiac muscle

A
  1. Atrial
  2. Ventricular
  3. Special excitatory
  4. Conductive muscle fibers
98
Q

The M-line pulls actin in, which causes a __________

A

Contraction

99
Q

Two types of proprioceptors in muscle

A
  1. Neuromuscular spindle
  2. Golgi Tendon organ
100
Q

Desmosomes are ________junctions

A

Mechanical

101
Q

__________muscle fibers are only in the muscle spindle

A

Intrafusal

102
Q

Tropomyosin spans ________and maintains F- actin structure

A

Actin

103
Q

In cardiac muscle, the T-tubule runs down the _____ disk.

A

Z

104
Q

Myosin II in smooth muscle becomes active once it has been ___________

A

Phosphorylated

105
Q

Muscle contraction pathway

A
  1. Ca2+ binds to troponin C, which causes a conformational change that exposes the myosin binding sites
    1. The myosin, which has ADP and inorganic phosphate attached, binds forming cross bridge
    2. The inorganic phosphate is released, which initiated the power stroke.
    3. The myosin head bends as it pulls on the actin filament, sliding it toward the M line
    4. The ADP is released
    5. A new ATP attaches to the myosin head, which causes the link between myosin and actin to weaken
    6. The cross bridge detaches
    7. As ATP is hydrolyzed and split into ADP and inorganic phosphate, the myosin is energized and cock back into the high-energy conformation
106
Q

Roles of Fascia adherins. Where is it found?

A

Anchor actin filaments. Within I band

107
Q

____________muscle fibers traverse the whole length of the muscle

A

Extrafusal

108
Q

T-tubules help spread ________. So that contractions occur evenly over entire muscle

A

Ions

109
Q

Which two proteins provide structural support in smooth muscle?

A

Desmin and vimentin

110
Q

Protein that acts as a template for actin

A

Nebulin

111
Q

Most basic unit of muscle cells

A

Sacromere

112
Q

Cardiac muscle conduction pathway

A

SA node->AV node-> bundle of His-> Purkinje fibers

113
Q

Atrial cells release ____________hormone upon stretch of atrial cells.

A

Atrial natriuretic Peptide/ Factor

114
Q

The __________ exchanger is an antiporter membrane protein that removes Ca2+ from cells

A

Sodium- Calcium

115
Q
  1. In times of injury cardiac muscle get ________
A

Bigger

116
Q

The A band is made of what microfilament (s)

A

Actin and myosin

117
Q

Roles of desmosomes

A

Anchors two cells together

118
Q

It is at the _____________junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the ______, causing muscle contraction.

A

Neuromuscular; muscle fiber

119
Q

Skeletal muscles need to get over a __________ before they can contract.

A

Baseline

120
Q

All types of muscle cells synthesize type ______ collagen. Some smooth muscle cells synthesize type _______ collagen and ___ fibers as well.

A

4; 3 ; elastic

121
Q

What is the difference in contraction between parallel fasciles and diagonal fascicles?

A

Parallel fascicles contract alot and fast but they are not very strong.

Diaganol fasicles are strong

122
Q

What anchors the actin to the Z disk?

A

A- actinin

123
Q

What is the role of tropomodulin?

A

It prevents actin from adding onto the hanging minus end

124
Q
A

Exam 2 (PARP) (17 decks)

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