Neurocytology

Question 1

Which two nerve terminal proteins work together to make sure the vesicle gets to the right spot?

Answer 1

Syntaxin and Synaptobrevin

Question 2

. Major area of reception of incoming information.

Answer 2

Dendrite

Question 3

Changes in morphology of neurons can lead to ____________

Answer 3

Plasticity

Question 4

What are the roles of microglia?

Answer 4

Mediate response to injury by proliferating, migrating to site of injury, and removing debris by phagocytosis

Question 5

Synaptic vesicles are found only in _________cells and in some __________ cells

Answer 5

nerve; endocrine

Question 6

What are the supporting cells and where are they located?

Answer 6

Astrocytes (CNS)

Satellite cells (PNS)

Question 7

Synaptic Vesicle Cycle

Answer 7

1. Priming
2. Fusion exocytosis
3. Endocytosis
4. Translocation
5. Endosome fusion
6. Budding
7. Loading
8. Translocation
9. Docking

Cycle repeats

Question 8

What are ependyma?

Answer 8

Cells lining blood vessels in endothelial

Question 9

Which nerve terminal protein makes sure the presynaptic and post-synaptic neurons are aligned?

Answer 9

Neurexins

Question 10

What are the steps to Synaptic Transmission?

Answer 10

1. Vesicles “dock” at the active zone
2. Action potential leads to an influx of calcium
3. Rise of Ca triggers vesicle fusion and release or transmitter
4. Transmitter diffuses across cleft and binds to receptors
5. Membrane retrieved by coated vesicles for reuse

Question 11

What are the functions of astrocytes?

Answer 11

Interface between neurons and pia, ependyma, blood vessels

Provide structural support

Take up neurotransmitters

Regulate ionic balance

Guide axons during development

Immune response

Question 12

Saltatory conduction

Answer 12

Wave of depolarization jumps from node to node

Question 13

Astrocyte and Ependyma structure

Answer 13

Question 14

How do Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes differ in how they myelinate axons?

Answer 14

Schwanns cells mylenate one specific axon, while oligodendrocytes can myelinate more than one axon

Question 15

The autonomic system and inverterbrates have what neuronal type?

Answer 15

Unipolar

Question 16

. Specialized for carrying information away from cell body to other parts of the circuit

Answer 16

Axon

Question 17

What does the neuron doctrine state?

Answer 17

that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells

Question 18

Multiple sclerosis involves repeated episodes of __________of nervous tissue in any area of the ________.The inflammation destroys ___________, leaving multiple areas of __________along the covering of the nerve cells. This results in slowing or blocking the transmission of _______________in that area, leading to the symptoms of MS.

Answer 18

inflammation; CNS; myelin; scar tissue (sclerosis); nerve impulses

Question 19

Broad types of macroglia

Answer 19

Myelin-forming cells

Supporting cells

Question 20

Microglia are derived from _________ and incorporated into ________ during development.

Answer 20

Monocytes; CNS

Question 21

What does the reticular doctrine state?

Answer 21

that everything in the nervous system, such as brain, is a single continuous network

Question 22

Astrocytes during early development

Answer 22

Radial glia

Question 23

Nissl bodies are ________ and __________

Answer 23

rER and free ribosomes

Question 24

What are the myelin-forming cells and where are they located?

Answer 24

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Schwann cells (PNS)

Question 25

Most neurons have what neuronal type?

Answer 25

Multipolar

Question 26

Retina and olfactory epithelium have what neuronal type?

Answer 26

Bipolar

Question 27

The dorsal root ganglion has what neuronal type?

Answer 27

Pseudo-unipolar

Question 28

What is the role of the dendritic spine?

Answer 28

Site of synapse formation

Question 29

Mechanism for endocrine cell-cell signaling

Answer 29

signals target distant cells. Endocrine cells produce hormones that travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body.

Question 30

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are sequences of ionic currents across a membrane.

Answer 30

Nerve impulses

Question 31

Formation of Synaptic Vessels (Steps)

Answer 31

1. Delivery of Synaptic vesicle components to the plasma membrane 2. Endocytosis of synaptic vescicle components to form new synaptic vesicles directly 3. Endocytosis of synaptic vesicle components and delivery to endosome 4. Budding of synaptic vesicle from endosome 5. Loading of neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicle 6. Secretion of neurotransmitter by exocytosis in response to an action potential

Question 32

Which nerve terminal protein is a calcium-sensitive regulatory protein?

Answer 32

Synaptotagmin

Question 33

In which type of junction can communication occur in both directions?

Answer 33

Gap junctions

Question 34

Ependymal Cells \_\_\_\_\_\_ or _______ epithelial cells lining ventricles of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Remnants of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _________ on luminal surface helps move \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 34

Cuboidal; columnar; CNS embryonic neuroepithelium Microvilli; cilia; CSF

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is an accessory protein that binds to syntaxin

Answer 35

SNAP-25

Question 36

Tetanus toxin inhibits the release of ______ neurotransmitters and can lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 36

inhibitory; muscle spasm

Question 37

Axoplasmic membranes at each node of Ranvier posseses high concentrations of voltage-gated ______ channels.

Answer 37

Sodium

Question 38

Mechanism for paracrine cell-cell signaling

Answer 38

signals target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. Neurotransmitters represent an example.

Question 39

What stage of the the synaptic cycle declares docked vesicles fusion-competent?

Answer 39

Priming

Question 40

Where can synpases be formed on a cell?

Answer 40

Almost anywhere

Question 41

The degradation of which nerve terminal protein can cause tetanus?

Answer 41

Synaptobrevin

Question 42

Mechanism for neuronal cell-cell signaling

Answer 42

Synapse forms between one cell and a target cell

Question 43

Which nerve terminal protein acts as a T-snare?

Answer 43

Syntaxin

Question 44

Gap in myelin known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 44

Node of Ranvier

Question 45

What protein works with neurexins and where is it located?

Answer 45

Neuroligins on the postsynaptic side

Question 46

Which type of glia is phagocytic?

Answer 46

Microglia

Question 47

Which nerve terminal protein acts as the v-snare?

Answer 47

Synaptobrevin

Question 48

Region of integration of incoming information and metabolic center of the cell

Answer 48

Cell body