Epigenetics

Question 1

How does acetylation of histones unwind them?

Answer 1

Acteyl groups affect the charge of histones and cause them to repel each other more, opening up the chromatin

Question 2

Which disease is most likely to epigenetically related?

Answer 2

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 3

What gene is upregulated in cancer?

Answer 3

OCT4

Question 4

What levels on chromatin condensation control assessibility of the genomic DNA?

Answer 4

All

Question 5

What is epigenetics?

Answer 5

Heritable states of gene activity that do not result from altered nucleotide sequence

Question 6

What results did chemotherapy plus HDAC inhibitor have?

Answer 6

Improved results of chemotherapy

Question 7

A differentiated cell back to a progenitor is called______

Answer 7

Regeneration

Question 8

Where on the DNA fragment does methylation often occur?

Answer 8

Cytosine

Question 9

A smooth muscle becoming a pancreatic cell would be called?

Answer 9

Trans-differentation

Question 10

Example of epigenetic change found in plants. What type of epigenetic phenomenon is it?

Answer 10

Toadflax; Transgenerational

Question 11

Using what mechanisms can epigenetic modifications occur?

Answer 11

Histone tags

Methylation

Question 12

Nucleosome ______ and __________ effects the activity of different genes.

Answer 12

Position; spacing

Question 13

Transcient change

Answer 13

Gene change that is not passed on

Question 14

Areas that have faculative heterochromatin

Answer 14

rDNA, transposons, inactive X chromatin

Question 15

Main chain amide of histone interacts with _________

Answer 15

Phosphate oxygen

Question 16

Amino acids in histones that can modified.

Answer 16

Lysine, arginine, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, proline

Question 17

Example of an internal epigenetic phenomenon

Answer 17

Puberty

Question 18

What enzyme is commonly used to turn off genes?

Answer 18

DNA Methyltransferase

Question 19

_____________ tends to open up chromatin making it more assessible for ___________

Answer 19

Histone acetylation; transcription

Question 20

Biologically cycles that are epigenetic

Answer 20

Circadian rhythm (some genes are on during the day and off at night)

Menstrual cycle

Question 21

As ________ age, they diverge epigenetically.

Answer 21

Twins

Question 22

Examples of epigenetic regulators. Which are upregulators and which are down regulators?

Answer 22

DNA Methyltransferase (Down Regulator)

Histone Acetlytransferase (Upregulator)

Histone Demethylases (Upregulator)

Histone Methyltransferase (Down regulator)

Histone Variant (Down regulator)

Chromatin remodeling Complex (Upregulator)

Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase Complex (Down regulator)

Question 23

X chromosome inactivation is based on _________ and is _______

Answer 23

Epigenetics; random

Question 24

Areas with constitutive heterochromatin

Answer 24

Centromeres, telomeres

Question 25

Which amino acid residues participate in charge neutralization?

Answer 25

Lysine and arginine

Question 26

Which side chains interact with DNA? Which specific amino acids?

Answer 26

Hydrophobic; threonine, proline, valine, isoleucine

Question 27

Waddington’s Epigenetic Landscape

Answer 27

Totipotent–> Pluripotent–>Progenitor–> Differentiated cell

Question 28

DNA is compacted via interaction with _________

Answer 28

Proteins

Question 29

What problems where recorded in the male offsprings of rats feed vinclozolin?

Answer 29

Poor fertility

Low sperm count

Prostate cancer

Question 30

A major chromatin remodeling complex is called _________

Answer 30

Polycomb proteins

Question 31

Traits of genetics vs epigenetics

Answer 31

Genetics

• Inherited
• Germ Line
• Species Specific

Epigenetics

• Not necessary inherited
• Soma Line (Mainly)
• Variability

Question 32

Can epigenetics alter the gene sequence?

Answer 32

No