Epigenetics Flashcards
How does acetylation of histones unwind them?
Acteyl groups affect the charge of histones and cause them to repel each other more, opening up the chromatin
Which disease is most likely to epigenetically related?
Alzheimer’s disease
What gene is upregulated in cancer?
OCT4
What levels on chromatin condensation control assessibility of the genomic DNA?
All
What is epigenetics?
Heritable states of gene activity that do not result from altered nucleotide sequence
What results did chemotherapy plus HDAC inhibitor have?
Improved results of chemotherapy
A differentiated cell back to a progenitor is called______
Regeneration
Where on the DNA fragment does methylation often occur?
Cytosine
A smooth muscle becoming a pancreatic cell would be called?
Trans-differentation
Example of epigenetic change found in plants. What type of epigenetic phenomenon is it?
Toadflax; Transgenerational
Using what mechanisms can epigenetic modifications occur?
Histone tags
Methylation
Nucleosome ______ and __________ effects the activity of different genes.
Position; spacing
Transcient change
Gene change that is not passed on
Areas that have faculative heterochromatin
rDNA, transposons, inactive X chromatin
Main chain amide of histone interacts with _________
Phosphate oxygen
Amino acids in histones that can modified.
Lysine, arginine, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, proline
Example of an internal epigenetic phenomenon
Puberty
What enzyme is commonly used to turn off genes?
DNA Methyltransferase
_____________ tends to open up chromatin making it more assessible for ___________
Histone acetylation; transcription
Biologically cycles that are epigenetic
Circadian rhythm (some genes are on during the day and off at night)
Menstrual cycle
As ________ age, they diverge epigenetically.
Twins
Examples of epigenetic regulators. Which are upregulators and which are down regulators?
DNA Methyltransferase (Down Regulator)
Histone Acetlytransferase (Upregulator)
Histone Demethylases (Upregulator)
Histone Methyltransferase (Down regulator)
Histone Variant (Down regulator)
Chromatin remodeling Complex (Upregulator)
Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase Complex (Down regulator)
X chromosome inactivation is based on _________ and is _______
Epigenetics; random
Areas with constitutive heterochromatin
Centromeres, telomeres
Which amino acid residues participate in charge neutralization?
Lysine and arginine
Which side chains interact with DNA? Which specific amino acids?
Hydrophobic; threonine, proline, valine, isoleucine
Waddington’s Epigenetic Landscape
Totipotent–> Pluripotent–>Progenitor–> Differentiated cell
DNA is compacted via interaction with _________
Proteins
What problems where recorded in the male offsprings of rats feed vinclozolin?
Poor fertility
Low sperm count
Prostate cancer
A major chromatin remodeling complex is called _________
Polycomb proteins
Traits of genetics vs epigenetics
Genetics
- Inherited
- Germ Line
- Species Specific
Epigenetics
- Not necessary inherited
- Soma Line (Mainly)
- Variability
Can epigenetics alter the gene sequence?
No
