Sexual Differentiation

Question 1

Sex chromosomes

Answer 1

23rd chromosome pair

– Determines genetic sex of
embryo
– All eggs X, **sperm **can be X or Y
– XX = genetic female, XY = genetic male

Question 2

genetic male

Answer 2

more likely to express genetic disorder because they dont have a spear x

ex:color blind

Question 3

Typical Prenatal Sex
Development
INSIDE

Answer 3

until 6 weeks after conception there is no sex differentiation

all embryos have the pontential to become one or the other

Question 4

Typical Prenatal Sex
Development (7 weeks)

Answer 4

1. Sex determining region, Y chromosome (SRY)
2. Ovaries or testes begin to produce sex hormones
3. Female:
   -Wolffian ducts degenerate,
   -Mullerian ducts develop

estrogen dont play a role is the abscence of androgens (testorone)

Male:
-Mullerian ducts degenerate,
-Wolffian ducts develop

Question 5

cryptorchidism

Answer 5

.. Most frequently, only one testis
is undescended and the other is in the normal position.

Question 6

**Typical Prenatal Sex

Development:outside**

3rd months

Answer 6

• Genital tubercle: can turn into the clitoris or head of the penis
• Genital fold: sheft of the penius or labia manora

* Labioscrotal swelling: scrotum or labia majora

Question 7

homologous organs.

Answer 7

When an organ in the male and an organ in the female both develop from
the same embryonic tissue,

Question 8

analogous organs

Answer 8

When the two
organs have similar functions

Question 9

Parental Preferences

Answer 9

now: not as clear
it could be due to social disalability

Question 10

Canadian Birth announcements (Gonzales & Koestner,
2005

Answer 10

parents express

• Pride for boys
• happiness for girls

pride influess social stending

happines attachment motivation

Question 11

Cross cultural preferences

Answer 11

China

• Patriarchal society
• Selective abortion, infanticide
• 120 ♂= 100♀births

Question 12

because of abortion and infanticide

Answer 12

this countries china and india had gender imbalance and lack of births

Question 13

immigrants from idia study in canada

Answer 13

-more likely to abrt during second trimester if a girl

-after they had 2 girls they aborting female fetus to ensure they had a boy

-

Question 14

Brain Differentiation

Answer 14

Research results with humans

differences in hypothalamus(estrogen sensitivity)

differences in amygdala
(male have a bigger amygdala but maybe no difference)

more similarity then difference due to :
Plasticity: probably due to experiences

Question 15

Epigenetics

Answer 15

refers to a functional change to
DNA that does not alter the genetic code itself, but leads to changes in gene expression.

Question 16

Can you really choose a gender for your
child?

• John Money

Answer 16

• David Reimer (1965 – 2004)

-had a twin
-was going to have a circusion and had his penius burned of accidently (not his twin)

• john money belived that gender is assigned (not true)

-parents raised him as a girl

at 13 was expericing distress:
- at 14 resumed as boy

Question 17

Sex Variables: Biological

Answer 17

Chromosomal sex

Gonadal sex

Prenatal hormonal sex

Internal sexual organs

External genital appearance

Pubertal hormonal sex

Question 18

Gender Variables: Psychological

Answer 18

Assigned at birth

Gender identity

Question 19

Intersex individual (Disorder of Sexual
Development)

Answer 19

• Genitals not clearly male or female
• 2% of population

Question 20

intersex individual: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Answer 20

xx chromosomes (female)

• develops ovaries
• adrenal glans performs diferently and recives more adrogens(testorenos)
• so it looks more male but inside female
• identify as women

Question 21

intersex individuals: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

Answer 21

• genetically male
• their bodies dont response to androgen (testorenes)
• external genetials look more female
• usually foind out during puberty

Question 22

The research on intersex conditions can make us
question the gender binary

Question 23

Intersex Society of North America (ISNA)

Answer 23

Goal: “End shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with atypical sex anatomy”

Emphasis: Variability not abnormality

Surgery: “ONLY if and when the intersex person requests
it”

Question 24

Puberty

Answer 24

Adolescence

• Emerging Adulthood
• Rite of passage

Question 25

Sexual Differentiation During
Puberty

Answer 25

KISS1 gene control kisspeptin

estimulate Hypothalamus becomes active
GnRH > LH/FSH > A/E >secondary
sex characteristics

Question 26

People with testes

Answer 26

• growth Testes & scrotal sac(9-10)
• Growth of penis(13–14), hair(9-10)
• Muscle mass, height(11-16)
• ejaculation (13-14)
• reproduction ability 15

Gynecomastia (breast enlargement)

Question 27

People with ovaries:

Answer 27

• Breast development(9-10)
• Fat deposits
• Growth spurt(9.5-14.5)
• Menarche (average age = 12.7)- avarage age has decrese across time
• women reproduction after 2 years

Question 28

body fat hypothesis

Answer 28

leptim (triggered by body fat) > LH

Question 29

adrenal glands

testoreno

Answer 29

Adrenal androgens stimulate the growth of pubic and axillary hair
and are related to the female sex drive

Question 30

Adrenarche

Answer 30

the time of increasing secretion of
adrenal androgens—generally begins slightly before age

Question 31

Changes in Behaviour

Answer 31

puberty increases sensation-seeking
behaviours—that is, wanting high-intensity, exciting experiences—and sex is one sensation
that might be sought

Question 32

sexual drive

Answer 32

The results indicated that both the frequency and the arousability of sexual fantasies was highest at ovulation for man and women

Question 33

pms

Answer 33

That is, women
(and men) experience variability in their moods. Because of cultural stereotypes about PMS,
women attribute their negative mood to hormones when they occur premenstrually.
However, they attribute their negative moods at other times in their cycle to other cause