Gender, Sexual Orientation, & Identity Flashcards
gender and sex
gender - identity is innate and is in ur brain
sex; what u were born in it
more defenitions
demi -sexual—that is a person whose attraction is based on an emotional bond not on gender
pansexual—that is, sexually or romantically attracted to persons regardless of
their gender.
trans man/trans women
trans women: born male changed to women
trans men: born female changed to male
transsexual
a somewhat antiquted term to refer to folks under trangerdered umbrella who have undergone medical transition,which might include hormones and/or surgery
cisgender
gender matches to sex / gender identity matches to gender assigned at birth
gender non-conforming
anyone who dosnt adhere to the gender binary
ex; prince,david bowie
sex assigned at birth
when refer trans people born a boy/born a gir
intersex
anyone whose assigned sex at birth doesnt lign up with male or female characteristics
ex:more testoreno or estrogen
non-binary
do not identify as ,en or women
Gender dysphoria
a medical term for the disconfort that comes with discordence between a pearson gender identity and assigned at birth
some people do medical procedures to relive it
Definitions
Gender binary: the classification of people into one of two categories (man/boy or woman/girl)
Gender role: socially prescribed expectations about behaviour for men and women
Many societies have more than two genders
-E.g. Fa’afafine, two-spirited
Socialization: the ways that society conveys how people are supposed to behave
Stereotype: rigid set of beliefs about a group
Sexism: pattern of prejudice and discrimination
Are Perceived Differences
Real?
Nonsexual behaviour
Aggression = Men > Women
Communication styles: Self-disclosure =
Women > Men
Definitions
- Sexual orientation: whom you are emotionally, romantically, and sexually attracted to
- Sexual identity: one’s self-identity as gay, lesbian, straight, bisexual, asexual, pansexual….
3 ways of conceptualizing sexuality
- typology
-hetoresexual vs homosexual
2.kinsey’s continuum
-ex: 0(exclusive heterosexual———6(exclusive homesexual)
3.two-dimension schema (high/low
kinsey’s scale
- idea that sexual behaviour is not categories but a spectrum
- it test secual behaviour only not sexual attraction
Same-Sex Sexual Partner
NSFG (2006)
ever
men: 5.2%
women: 12%
Same-Sex Attraction
Only or mostly same gender M 1.9% w1.4%
Equally to bothM 0.5% W 2.8%
Mostly other gender M 3.7% W 11.9%
Only other gender M 93.9% W 83.9%
Sexual Identity
- heterosexual : M 96.9% W 98.3%
- bisexual : M 0.7 % W 0.9%
- Homosexual/gay/lesbian: M 1.4% W 0.8%
2/3 of yong people say they are exclusive heterosexual
Sexual Identity
- does sexual identity change or is it fixed ?
- sexual minority women
- cross sectuonal
- for 7 years
70% no change
11% unlable to lesbian
6% lesbian to unlable
4% lesbian to bi
4% bi to lesbian
5% lesbian//bi/unlable to hetero
Research in Quebec with MSM: 10% G B or BG
so yes sexual identity does change
What Determines Sexual Orientation
-
Genetics
-compering identical twins and friternal twins:
-identical twin when one is gay, 50% the other will also be gay - friternal whin when one is gay, 22% the other will also be gay
-genetics seems to be the best thoery at the moment
-
Prenatal factors
-different expose to hormones during prenatal development - idea that during the development of the hypathalamus the fetus is in the critical stage of sexual orientation (stress in the mother during this period)
- birth order affect; gay men are born later in birth order.(with older brothers not older sisters) antibodies- NLGN4Y
-
Brain differences( no diferences, it may but probably not)
What they do show is that both heterosexual men and lesbians are turned on (in their brains) by women’s pheromones, and that gay men
and heterosexual women are turned on by male pheromones - Hormonal factors(no evidence for this)
What Determines
Sexual Orientation?
*Learning history : that early individual history impacts their later sexual orientation, or modeling thory ( not a lot of support)
*Interactionist theory (D. Bem, 1995):
-agression and activity level, men have more of these and women have lower.
-some man have low and some women have high.
-so he theorized that if u are in one group u are interested in the other one (the exotic becomes erotic),
- a boy with low agretion and actiivity level woul hangout with girls and so man would be more intersting
*Conclusion: –Not conclusive what the cause is
reiss
argued that male-dominant societies with a great rigidity of gender roles produce the highest prevalence of homosexuality.
In such societies, there is a rigid male role that must be learned and conformed to, but young boys have little opportunity to learn it from adult men precisely because the gender roles are rigid:
Women take care of children, and men have
little contact with them.
It is therefore difficult to learn the heterosexual component of the male role.
In addition, because the male role is rigid, there will be a certain number of males who dislike it and reject its heterosexual component.
Negative Attitudes Towards
Sexual Minorities
Homonegativity/homophobia/heterosexism
- Anti-gay prejudice
- Discrimination/harassment
– Canadian LGB high school students (Taylor et al., 2011):
LGB verbally harassed: 55%;
LGB physically harassed: 21%;
heard homophobic insults every day (LGB & straight): 48% - More likely than heterosexual peers to experience: physical & sexual victimization, verbal harassment, discrimination
Conversion or Reparative Therapy
- Does not work
- Leads to guilt and self-hate
Legal Issues
1969 Omnibus bill - anul sex become legal
- Human Rights Codes
- Charter of Rights and Freedoms
- Same-sex marriage
– Legalized federally in 2005
– Stats. Can (2006) 37,885 same-sex common law couples; 7,465 same-sex married couples
LG attitudes
Heterosexism is the belief that being heterosexual is ‘‘normal” and that heterosexuality is the only legitimate, acceptable, and healthy way for
people to be; gay people and behaviours are denigrated
heteronormativity, the belief that heterosexuality is the norm.
more candian support gay rights then americans,women do more then man,younger people more then older people
bixesual attitudes
Ontario have found that people have negative attitudes towards entering a committed relationship with a bisexual partner
The bisexual women and men spent about equal amounts of time looking at the male
and the female models, in contrast to heterosexuals whose looking times were quite skewed toward models of the other sex
Attitudes toward Asexuals
view asexual people more negatively than they view gays and lesbians
However, we should not assume that because an individual is asexual that they are also aromantic.
LGB Development
In one study of sexual minority youth, lesbians experienced their first same-gender attraction,
on average, at age 14, compared with age 11 for gay men;
lesbians had their first same-gender experience on average at age 18, compared with 16 for gay men;
lesbians claimed a sexual-minority identity on average at age 17, compared with age 15for gay men
There is, of course, plenty of variability around those averages.
coming out
which involves acknowledging to oneself, and then to others, that one is gay or lesbian
They note several positive
aspects of relationships that seem to be more common in same-sex couples than in mixedsex couples:
- Respecting and appreciating individual differences:
- Generating positive emotions and interactions:
- Effectively communicating and negotiating:.
- Egalitarian ideals: Same-sex couples place an emphasis on equality in their relationships and note that they are freed from traditional gender roles and the male domination found in many mixed-sex relationships
Lesbian and Gay Families
- the adjustment and mental
health of children in lesbian and gay families are no different from those of children in
heterosexual families - Finally, the overwhelming numbers of children growing up in lesbian or gay households have a heterosexual orientation
medical model
in which mental disturbance, and homosexuality in particular, is viewed as a sickness or
illness.(before this homosexuality was seen as a sin)
this is not true…
Beyond that, scientists agree that higher rates of depression and suicide among LGBs do notmean that homosexuality per se indicates mental illness.
Instead, the results are interpreted in the context of Meyer’s (2003) minority stress model, which holds that stigma, prejudice,
and discrimination create a stressful social environment that causes mental health problems
minority stress model
(1) the exposure of LGBs to maltreatment, discrimination, and violence
(2) the lack of support or downright rejection by family and friends that some LGBs experience
(3) the stress of concealing their true identity
differences between gay men and lesbians
- women are more likely to be biasexual
- women show more flexibility over time overt their sexual identity
- men are more specifc about their arousal while women are not(aroused by both man and women?)
- man meets earlier milestones then lesbians
- women had sex rwice a week but it was lonegr
- same sexual satisfaction
- lesbians are not affected by birth order
*
LGB communities across culture
- many LGB in minority cultures in canada suffere prejudice from their own community culture
- in mexico man that recive the anal sex are consider feminen while the one that gives are considere streight and masculine
- in latin america lesbian can be seen as attractive (sexually), but the lack of family (father,mother,son) makes them outsiders
Among Asian communities in Canada, two features of the culture shape attitudes toward
homosexuality and its expression:
(1) a strong distinction between what may be expressed publicly and what should be kept private
(2) a stronger value placed on loyalty to one’s
family and on the performance of family roles than on the expression of one’s own desires
As a result, a relatively small proportion of LGB members of the Asian communities in Canada are “out” in their
community
across the world
- cultures that were accepting of GLB became more, but the ones that dont aceept became less accepting
most :iceland,netherland,canada
least:saudi arabia,egypt,uganda
