Conception, Pregnancy, & Childbirth Flashcards
Does sex have any correlation with self-esteem?
yes !
Sexual Self-Esteem: feelings that we have as a sexual being
based on : sexual experience, the meaning of sex to us etc.
Biology of Pregnancy
Key points in Fertilization & Implantation:
- Ovulation, 12-24 hour window it has to fertilized or it will disintegrate. u can get pregnant even after these 12-24 hours has passed as sperms live inside the body for 48hr up to 8 days
- Sperm follow chemical signal of the egg
- **Zona Pellucida: **thin gelatinus layer surrounding the egg - it protects the egg (important)
- Hydraluronidase: enzyme that secreaded from the sperm while they around the egg which allows them to break down the zona pellucida so they can fertilize it
- Capacitation(important): the penetration of the sperm where he goes through the zona pellucida is called capacitation
-when an sperm gets in the egg is locked in and no other sperm can get in
- Implantation: zygot travels through the fallopian to the uterus
Biology of Pregnancy
- Obstacles to fertilization(that the sperm encounters)
– Acidity of vagina: because of that kills many of the sperms
– Some are deformed: they cant swim properly
– Swimming against currents of fallopian tube
– Wrong fallopian tube(one of the tube will have an egg and the other wont)
- Zygote – fertilized egg
– Travels down the fallopian tube
– Cell division begins ~36 hours after conception
– Implantation occurs 5-7 days later
in the uterus
Embryo
- 2-8 weeks
- The various organs of the body differentiate themselves out
of these layers
-The ectoderm will form the nervous system and the skin.
-The endoderm differentiates into the digestive system
-. The muscles, skeleton, connective tissues, and
reproductive and circulatory systems derive from the mesoderm.
cephalocaudal order; that is, the head develops first, and the lower body last
Fetus
- 8 weeks until birth
Improving Chances of Conception
– Track ovulation by basal body temperature
(temperature will be slightly lower before ovulation and slightly higher the day after ovulation)
– Time/track intercourse right at ovulation or 1-2 days before
– Maintain sperm count: have the sperm ejaculated 2-3 times during the week ovulation
– Gravity: the women being on the botton position
Signs of Pregnancy
-
Presumptive signs = missed period, breast tenderness,
nausea, more frequent urination, fatigue
**Missed period + 2 others **= 67% probability of pregnancy
Probable signs: 80-95% correct
HCG: is a fluid from the placent which will be detected by a home preganancy test
Hegar’s sign: softenin of the lower part of the uterus. a gynolagist is able to test this . this happers by week 7
** Positive signs**: this includes fetul heart beat,featal movment etc
calculates the fetus due date Nagele’s rule: the first date of the last menstual period - 3 months + 1 week + 1 yr (due date usualy revised in the first ultrasound)
Emotional Reactions
- Wide variation
-
Positive emotions
– Hoped to be parent: excitement and anticipation
– “Characteristically optimistic” adapt well
– Sense of wonder
– Pregnancy as transition into adulthood
– Social support correlated with psychological and physical well-being
- Negative emotions
– Fears, anxieties, concerns about pain of childbirth
– Declining body image
– Worry about health
– Lack of an identity (besides “pregnant person”)
- Pregnancy during stressful events
– Increased risk of premature delivery & low birth weight
preganacy during covid
-stresses : economics but also just simple stress
-depression
-some women got infected while pregnant - iplacent wasnt form properly,still births, premature births
The Impact of Maternal Prenatal Stress Related to
the COVID-19 Pandemic during the First 1000
Days: A Historical Perspective
simmilar to other stressfull times
-ice storm 1990 : poorer cognitive abilities and lower body mess
1st Trimester
1st trimester = the first 12 weeks
where the placenta,cord,amniotic fluid starts do develop: it provides nutrients and oxigen, temperature mentainace and protection to the fetus
organs and neuron system are already startin to develop
most rapid development
Physical Changes in Pregnant Person
breast swelling
frequent urination
bowel irregularity
vaginal discharge it increases
nausea
fatigue
Miscarriages
- Miscarriage (fetus death before 20 week)
- Preterm delivery: babies that are delivered when they are only 37 weeks(normally 40 weeks)
- Estimated up to ½ of all fertilized eggs are lost before
person knows they are pregnant - 15-20% of people who know they are pregnant experience miscarriage(quiet common)
Miscarriages
- Most caused by chromosome problems in fetus(genetic issues)
Other possible causes:
- alchool,tabacco
- obisidity
- infection
- hormonal problems
- - sometimes the body attacks the fetus
-
Risk of miscarriage increases with age
– Beginning by 30, greater between 35-40, highest after 40
Miscarriages(symtoms,tratment,preventions)
Possible symptoms
– Low back or abdominal pain (dull, sharp or cramping)
– Clot passes through vagina
– Vaginal bleeding
Treatment
– Important to be examined to ensure no tissue remaining in uterus otherswize it can cause infection
Prevention(not always preventable)
– Early prenatal care
– Detect and treat illness
– Avoid environmental hazards
Miscarriages: Psychological Effects
50% of pregnant people suffer elevated levels of anxiety,
depression, and grief
Risk factors for phychological effects:
* History of psychiatric illness
* Childlessness
* Lack of social support
* Poor relationship adjustment
* Prior pregnancy loss
2nd Trimester
risk of miscarege goes drasticly down by the second trimester
2nd trimester = weeks 13 to 26
- child become sensitive to light and sound
- movment
- imature organs
-
Physical Changes in Pregnant Person
decreased symptoms
constipation, nosebleeds
expanding belly
fetal movements
edema (water retention)
breasts fully developed (colostrum)
Psychological Changes in Pregnant Person
Calm, well-being, pride, excitement, maternal responsiveness
3rd Trimester
3rd trimester = weeks 27 to 38
Physical Changes in Pregnant Person
uterus is large and hard
symptoms from pressure on organs
aware of fetal activity(kicking,hiccups)
awkwardness
Braxton-Hicks contractions(false contraction),not painfull
engagement of head - the head drops into the pelvis - uncourftable
Psychological Changes in Pregnant Person
Impatience, concerns: health of baby & delivery
How frequent to Braxton Hicks
contractions get as you approach labour?
usually last 30 sec
comes in irregular times different then labour because they are not close together or shorter
Attitudes Towards Pregnancy
Attitudes depend on context
– Michelle Hebl (2007) field study & survey study
- condition 1 :sent a pregnant women to the store to get something from it
- condition 2 : sent a pregnant women to the store to apply for a job in it
-pregnant women experienced more rudness when they were applying for the job then getting something from the store
- pregnant women experience over the top frindness when getting things from the store
Attitudes Toward Pregnant People
- Some studies show that visibly pregnant women are judged as being less committed to their jobs, less dependable, less authoritative, more emotional, and more irrational than otherwise equal, non- pregnant female managers (2007)
is this still true?
