menstruation Flashcards
Menstruation
shedding of the endometrium; no
fertilization of ovum
menarche
first menstruation
amenorrhea
absence of mestruation
primery:never had a mestraution
secondary: had it but stoped for period of time
-ex: weightloss
Menstrual Cycle
- Regulated by fluctuating hormones
- Length: 21-36 days
* 4 phases( what are the hormons,ovaries and uteurs doing?)
Menstrual Phases
1st Phase: Proliferative or Follicular Phase - less fertile
* Variable in length
2nd Phase: Ovulatory Phase
3rd Phase: Secretory or Luteal Phase
* 14 days
4th Phase: Menstrual Phase
1st Phase: Proliferative or Follicular Phase
5-13 days
- the pituitary secretes relatively high levels of FSH.
- stimulate follicles in the
ovaries. - it signals one follicle in the ovaries to bring an egg to the final stage of maturity.
- At the same time, the
follicle >+ estrogen
2nd Phase: Ovulatory Phase
14 day
- **the follicle ruptures open, releasing the mature egg **
- estrogen has risen to a high level, so - FSH
- estrogen also > the hypothalamus to produce+ GnRH, which
causes the pituitary to begin production of LH.
- estrogen also > the hypothalamus to produce+ GnRH, which
- A surge of LH triggers ovulation.
3rd Phase: Secretory or Luteal Phase
15 to end of cycle (28)
After releasing an egg, the follicle, under stimulation of LH, > corpus luteum
. The corpus luteum > + progesterone, ,- LH
the corpus luteum degenerates.
- estrogen and - progesterone
- estrogen stimulate the pituitary > + FSH, and the whole cycle begins
again.
4th Phase: Menstrual Phase
menstruation is a
shedding (the endometrium), which then passes out through
the cervix and the vagina.
During this phase, **- estrogen **and - progesterone levels and are
**FSH levels are rising. **
Menstruation is triggered by the sharp decline in estrogen and
progesterone levels at the end of the luteal phase
Hormonal Birth Control
The Combination Pill (Alesse, Yasmin, Tri Cyclen)
- Contains both estrogen & progestin (synthetic progesterone)
- hormones for 21 days, then no pill or sugar pill for 7 days
- Pill works by preventing ovulation
- Pill maintains more consistent hormone levels (i.e., no peak in
estrogen, no ovulation)- confuses feedback loop
cervical mocouses thickes
What are the recent
advancements in male birth
control?
- people drop out because of side effects
- acne,headcques,weight gains(similar to women)
- but for women pregancy is major issue but for men not so much
-gel blocker/vacine (not sergery vasectomy)
Menstrual Problems: Dysmenorrhea
- pain or discomfort (typically cramps)
primary – no organic origin
**secondary ** – pain secondary to organic
problems (e.g., endometriosis, ovarian cysts,
etc.)
cramps (uterine contractions)
from
prostaglandins
Menstrual Problems:mastalgia
fluid retention; in breasts
orgasm can help with mestruation pain
brings blood cutted of and increses endorphines
endometriousis
Endometriosis occurs when the endometrial tissue grows in a place other than the uterus—for example, the ovaries, fallopian tubes, rectum, bladder, vagina, vulva,
cervix, or lymph glands
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
- physiological/psychological symptoms present
4-6 days before period begins, may persist into menstrual phase - Controversy
-200 symptoms?!(not one definition)
-maybe psm dosnt exists
-is it cultural? - DSM-5-TR: Premenstrual Dysphoric
Disorder
Criterion A should be confirmed by prospective daily ratings during at least two symptomatic cycles
PMDD
1.8% - 5.8% of menstruation
PMDD Controversy: Callaghan et al. (2008)
- Pathologizes menstruation
- Appropriateness of sex-specific diagnostic criteria
- Study found that 4.1% of men and 8.0% of women met
Diagnostic Issues
DSM-5 requires “prospective daily rating during at least two
symptomatic cycles”
Retrospective and Prospective diagnostic tools are
available
Clinical utility?(not always doing the diary daily just recalling which is faulty)
Role of Culture in PMDD
Exposure to American culture
Prevalence of PMDD in the USA in Black women vs. White women
- black women have less pmdd diagnosis
Prevalence of PMDD in Japanese women
-does not appear in japanese women?
Moon Time
For many Indigenous communities, moon cycle (menstrual cycle) is a gift to women
*Time for renewal and reflection
*Time to cleanse and purify
yourself spiritually, mentally,
physically
*Women on moon time are
powerful and intuitive
