semester 2 final review Flashcards
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
- prokaryotes - no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA - bacteria
- eukaryotes - nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, linear DNA, every organism except bacteria
the control center of a cell, contains genetic code (DNA)
nucleus
What are the 2 forms of DNA?
chromatin - uncoiled - not dividing
chromosomes - tightly coiled, dividing
the organelle that breaks down old, worn out organelles and food
lysosome
the site of protein synthesis
ribosome
the path of proteins in a cell
ribosome - ER - Golgi
the organelle that converts food into usable energy for cells
mitochondrion
organelles found in plant cells but not animal cells
chloroplasts
What is the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane?
- cell membrane - selectively permeable
2. cell wall - rigid structure for support only
cell’s boundary from its environment
cell membrane - lipid bilayer
What causes diffusion?
particles have KE and are always in motion and colliding with one another so they tend to spread out from high to low concentration
What type of particle transport requires energy?
active transport
The type of particle transport where a cell surrounds and engulfs material to bring it into a cell
endocytosis
Where is the energy stored in ATP, and how is that energy released?
in phosphate bonds - break off a phosphate
What do we call producers that make food by photosynthesis and chemosynthesis?
autotrophs
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 plus H20 yields carbohydrates and O2
What is the equation for respiration?
carbohydrates (C6H12O6) plus O2 yields H2O plus CO2
What does the word aerobic mean?
with oxygen
What organelle is where photosynthesis occurs?
respiration?
photosynthesis - chloroplasts
respiration - mitochondria
How are photosynthesis and respiration?
The reactants of one are the products of the other.
What are the two halves of a chromosome called, and what holds them together?
sister chromatids are held together by a centromere
During what phase of the cell cycle do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell?
metaphase
What are the stages of mitosis in order?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What is the role of the spindle fibers in mitosis
help separate the chromosomes
What is a difference in cell division of plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell plate while animal cells pinch in.
What happens in cancer?
Cells can’t control their growth rate.
What do we call a mass of cancer cells?
tumor
How many alleles do gametes contain for each trait?
Gametes have 1 allele for each trait.