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biology > semester 1 final review > Flashcards

semester 1 final review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

information gathered during an experiment

A

data

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2
Q

a suggestion about what might happen during an experiment

A

hypothesis

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3
Q

the three particles in an atom

A

proton, neutron, electron

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4
Q

where are electrons found

A

electron cloud around the nucleus

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5
Q

How do you find the mass number?

A

add protons plus neutrons

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6
Q

Science is different from other fields of study because it relies on what?

A

experiments to test hypotheses

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7
Q

What are the goals of science?

A

to investigate and explain the natural world and make useful predictions

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8
Q

a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite amounts

A

compound

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9
Q

salt dissolving in water creates what

A

a solution

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10
Q

Why do plants need sunlight?

A

energy for photosynthesis

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11
Q

Why do plants need CO2?

A

to make sugar (carbohydrates) for food

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12
Q

Do plants use oxygen? Why or why not?

A

yes, to burn their food

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13
Q

Why do plants release oxygen if they need it?

A

They make more than they need and release the extra to the environment

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14
Q

What do scientists isolate and test in a controlled experiment?

A

a single variable (IV)

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15
Q

What happens during peer review?

A

check for mistakes and bias

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16
Q

a well-tested idea in science with many supporting observations

A

theory

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17
Q

a personal preference or point of view

A

bias

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18
Q

What makes the metric system easier to use than the standard English system?

A

based on units of 10 - decimal system

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19
Q

solutions with more OH than H ions in solution

A

bases (alkaline)

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20
Q

What does the law of conservation of matter say?

A

matter can NOT be created or destroyed. It just changes form (rearranges bonds)

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21
Q

What are the reactants in a chemical equation?

A

the chemicals that enter a reaction (to the left of the arrow)

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22
Q

What are the products in a chemical reaction

A

the chemicals made by a reaction (to the right of the arrow)

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23
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

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24
Q

What are the building blocks of starches?

A

simple sugars

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25
Q

How do enzymes affect chemical reactions in cells?

A

catalysts - speed up the reaction without being involved in the reaction

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26
Q

Why do organisms reproduce sexually in unfavorable conditions?

A

more diversity means a greater chance of survival - can adapt to the changes

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27
Q

What is pollination? Is it sexual or asexual?

A

when pollen is carried by wind or animals to the female portion of a plant - sexual (2 parents)

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28
Q

A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryote

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29
Q

organisms that eat other organisms for energy and nutrients

A

heterotroph

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30
Q

What do pharyngeal pouches become in adult chordates like fish

A

gills

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31
Q

Fewer than 5 percent of all animals are what type of animal?

A

vertebrates

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32
Q

a stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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33
Q

Why do animals eat?

A

for nutrients and energy

34
Q

What organ system do the muscles work closely with to cause movement?

A

skeleton

35
Q

How does muscle tissue work?

A

contracts or shortens to pull

36
Q

What is the difference between an acoelomate, a pseudocoelomate and a coelomate?

A

acoelomate - no body cavity or space
pseudocoelomate - fake body cavity (not lined with mesoderm)
coelomate - true body cavity (lined with mesoderm)

37
Q

What is a bilaterally symmetrical organism like?

A

It has mirror right and left sides

38
Q

an embryo made of a hollow ball of cells

A

blastula

39
Q

What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome?

A

protostome - mouth from blastopore - mouth first

deuterostome - anus from blastopore - mouth second

40
Q

a fertilized egg

A

zygote

41
Q

the mouth of a protostome begins as a hole called the what?

A

blastopore

42
Q

Name the three germ layers, and say what each becomes.

A

endoderm - digestive and respiratory structures
mesoderms - muscle, bone, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory structures
ectoderm - skin and nerves

43
Q

How many planes of symmetry are in radially symmetrical organisms? Give examples.

A

unlimited - cnidarians and echinoderms (pentaradial)

44
Q

What is the advantage of an organism’s body plan?

A

make them suited to their environment so they can survive and reproduce

45
Q

What was the Cambrian explosion?

A

the time period when all the major animal phyla appeared

46
Q

What derived characteristic enabled the Cambrian Explosion, and why?

A

mesoderm (three germ layers) allowed for more complex body plans

47
Q

a flexible supporting structure found in chordates

A

notochord

48
Q

What group of animals have flexible digits, a large cerebrum, and arms that rotate at the shoulders?

A

primates

49
Q

Why do primates need binocular vision (two eyes)?

A

depth perception so they can estimate the distance to the next branch as they move through trees

50
Q

What structure in primates allows them to live in complex social systems?

A

a well-developed cerebrum

51
Q

having a thumb that works opposite your fingers allows what? What is this type of thumb called?

A

grasping objects - opposable thumb

52
Q

aquatic animals that strain floating material from water for food are called what?

A

filter feeders

53
Q

the cattle and the bacteria that live in their guts (digestive tract) are called what?

A

mutualistic symbionts

54
Q

What is a gastrovascular cavity, and what does it do?

A

a digestive space with a single opening - digestive and circulatory functions in same place

55
Q

What are the major characteristics of a respiratory surface?

A

large, thin, moist, permeable, have and maintain a concentration gradient

56
Q

Which direction do materials diffuse?

A

from high to low concentration

57
Q

Give an example of an organism that can diffuse food and oxygen through their skin.

A

cnidarians, worms

58
Q

What is the purpose of alveoli? What does this do to an animal’s metabolism?

A

more surface area for more oxygen diffusion - higher metabolism

59
Q

Why do animals need a closed circulatory system?

A

to be larger and more active - more nutrients and oxygen delivered to cells for more energy

60
Q

Why does blood go to lungs or gills?

A

gas exchange

61
Q

How do saltwater fish conserve water?

A

concentrated urine

62
Q

Why do animals with exoskeletons need to molt?

A

to grow

63
Q

What enables animals to have more complex behaviors or responses?

A

more interneurons - a larger and more complex brain

64
Q

What is a difference between nymphs and larva?

A

nymphs - resemble adults and go through incomplete metamorphosis
larva - don’t resemble adults and go through complete metamorphosis

65
Q

What is the big advantage of an amniotic egg?

A

holds in water so the animal doesn’t have to lay eggs in water (reptiles, birds, and mammals)

66
Q

What is an advantage of being an ectotherm?

A

don’t have to find as much food because they don’t heat their own bodies - use the sun for warmth

67
Q

What are endotherms?

A

animals that control their own body temperature - generate heat from their food (muscles)

68
Q

Who does peer review?

A

anonymous and independent experts

69
Q

Can a theory change over time?

Are theories always true?

A

yes

no

70
Q

Why do animals defend their territory?

A

to protect their resources

71
Q

What is the importance of cell specialization?

A

enables cells to perform unique functions

72
Q

a diagram of the changes in bird population over time is an example of what?

A

evolution

73
Q

Why do organisms need nutrients?

A

to carry out essential life functions

74
Q

What can happen to a lake after it gets a lot of a missing (limiting) nutrient?

A

algal bloom - algae grow out of control

75
Q

How does science affect society?

A

answer questions, solves problems, creates technology, increases people’s understanding of how they impact the environment

76
Q

a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit

A

mutualism

77
Q

a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits but the other is harmed

A

parasitism

78
Q

Which variable affects the other?

A

IV affects DV

79
Q

Which variable is set up in the experiment?

A

IV

80
Q

Which variable is measured?

A

DV

81
Q

What is the purpose of a control group?

A

to compare to the experimental to see that the IV caused the difference in the results

82
Q

What are the factors that stay the same between the experimental group and the control?

A

constants

biology (16 decks)

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