semester 1 final review Flashcards
information gathered during an experiment
data
a suggestion about what might happen during an experiment
hypothesis
the three particles in an atom
proton, neutron, electron
where are electrons found
electron cloud around the nucleus
How do you find the mass number?
add protons plus neutrons
Science is different from other fields of study because it relies on what?
experiments to test hypotheses
What are the goals of science?
to investigate and explain the natural world and make useful predictions
a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite amounts
compound
salt dissolving in water creates what
a solution
Why do plants need sunlight?
energy for photosynthesis
Why do plants need CO2?
to make sugar (carbohydrates) for food
Do plants use oxygen? Why or why not?
yes, to burn their food
Why do plants release oxygen if they need it?
They make more than they need and release the extra to the environment
What do scientists isolate and test in a controlled experiment?
a single variable (IV)
What happens during peer review?
check for mistakes and bias
a well-tested idea in science with many supporting observations
theory
a personal preference or point of view
bias
What makes the metric system easier to use than the standard English system?
based on units of 10 - decimal system
solutions with more OH than H ions in solution
bases (alkaline)
What does the law of conservation of matter say?
matter can NOT be created or destroyed. It just changes form (rearranges bonds)
What are the reactants in a chemical equation?
the chemicals that enter a reaction (to the left of the arrow)
What are the products in a chemical reaction
the chemicals made by a reaction (to the right of the arrow)
What are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
What are the building blocks of starches?
simple sugars
How do enzymes affect chemical reactions in cells?
catalysts - speed up the reaction without being involved in the reaction
Why do organisms reproduce sexually in unfavorable conditions?
more diversity means a greater chance of survival - can adapt to the changes
What is pollination? Is it sexual or asexual?
when pollen is carried by wind or animals to the female portion of a plant - sexual (2 parents)
A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
eukaryote
organisms that eat other organisms for energy and nutrients
heterotroph
What do pharyngeal pouches become in adult chordates like fish
gills
Fewer than 5 percent of all animals are what type of animal?
vertebrates
a stable internal environment
homeostasis
Why do animals eat?
for nutrients and energy
What organ system do the muscles work closely with to cause movement?
skeleton
How does muscle tissue work?
contracts or shortens to pull
What is the difference between an acoelomate, a pseudocoelomate and a coelomate?
acoelomate - no body cavity or space
pseudocoelomate - fake body cavity (not lined with mesoderm)
coelomate - true body cavity (lined with mesoderm)
What is a bilaterally symmetrical organism like?
It has mirror right and left sides
an embryo made of a hollow ball of cells
blastula
What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome?
protostome - mouth from blastopore - mouth first
deuterostome - anus from blastopore - mouth second
a fertilized egg
zygote
the mouth of a protostome begins as a hole called the what?
blastopore
Name the three germ layers, and say what each becomes.
endoderm - digestive and respiratory structures
mesoderms - muscle, bone, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory structures
ectoderm - skin and nerves
How many planes of symmetry are in radially symmetrical organisms? Give examples.
unlimited - cnidarians and echinoderms (pentaradial)
What is the advantage of an organism’s body plan?
make them suited to their environment so they can survive and reproduce
What was the Cambrian explosion?
the time period when all the major animal phyla appeared
What derived characteristic enabled the Cambrian Explosion, and why?
mesoderm (three germ layers) allowed for more complex body plans
a flexible supporting structure found in chordates
notochord
What group of animals have flexible digits, a large cerebrum, and arms that rotate at the shoulders?
primates
Why do primates need binocular vision (two eyes)?
depth perception so they can estimate the distance to the next branch as they move through trees
What structure in primates allows them to live in complex social systems?
a well-developed cerebrum
having a thumb that works opposite your fingers allows what? What is this type of thumb called?
grasping objects - opposable thumb
aquatic animals that strain floating material from water for food are called what?
filter feeders
the cattle and the bacteria that live in their guts (digestive tract) are called what?
mutualistic symbionts
What is a gastrovascular cavity, and what does it do?
a digestive space with a single opening - digestive and circulatory functions in same place
What are the major characteristics of a respiratory surface?
large, thin, moist, permeable, have and maintain a concentration gradient
Which direction do materials diffuse?
from high to low concentration
Give an example of an organism that can diffuse food and oxygen through their skin.
cnidarians, worms
What is the purpose of alveoli? What does this do to an animal’s metabolism?
more surface area for more oxygen diffusion - higher metabolism
Why do animals need a closed circulatory system?
to be larger and more active - more nutrients and oxygen delivered to cells for more energy
Why does blood go to lungs or gills?
gas exchange
How do saltwater fish conserve water?
concentrated urine
Why do animals with exoskeletons need to molt?
to grow
What enables animals to have more complex behaviors or responses?
more interneurons - a larger and more complex brain
What is a difference between nymphs and larva?
nymphs - resemble adults and go through incomplete metamorphosis
larva - don’t resemble adults and go through complete metamorphosis
What is the big advantage of an amniotic egg?
holds in water so the animal doesn’t have to lay eggs in water (reptiles, birds, and mammals)
What is an advantage of being an ectotherm?
don’t have to find as much food because they don’t heat their own bodies - use the sun for warmth
What are endotherms?
animals that control their own body temperature - generate heat from their food (muscles)
Who does peer review?
anonymous and independent experts
Can a theory change over time?
Are theories always true?
yes
no
Why do animals defend their territory?
to protect their resources
What is the importance of cell specialization?
enables cells to perform unique functions
a diagram of the changes in bird population over time is an example of what?
evolution
Why do organisms need nutrients?
to carry out essential life functions
What can happen to a lake after it gets a lot of a missing (limiting) nutrient?
algal bloom - algae grow out of control
How does science affect society?
answer questions, solves problems, creates technology, increases people’s understanding of how they impact the environment
a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
mutualism
a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits but the other is harmed
parasitism
Which variable affects the other?
IV affects DV
Which variable is set up in the experiment?
IV
Which variable is measured?
DV
What is the purpose of a control group?
to compare to the experimental to see that the IV caused the difference in the results
What are the factors that stay the same between the experimental group and the control?
constants
