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biology > biology unit 1 chapters 1,3,4,5, and 6 > Flashcards

biology unit 1 chapters 1,3,4,5, and 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

study of the interactions of organisms and their environment

A

ecology

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2
Q

thin layer of life around earth

A

biosphere

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3
Q

one type of living thing, can breed and produce viable young

A

species

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4
Q

a single living thing

A

organism

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5
Q

all the members of one species in a defined area

A

population

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6
Q

all the different species in a given area

A

community

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7
Q

all the living and non-living things in an area

A

ecosystem

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8
Q

a major type of area with similar characteristic life

A

biome

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9
Q

living factors

A

biotic

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10
Q

nonliving factors

A

abiotic

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11
Q

producer

A

autotroph

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12
Q

consumer

A

heterotroph

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13
Q

What two processes do producers use to produce food?

A
  1. photosynthesis - from light

2. chemosynthesis - from chemicals

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14
Q

What is the source of energy for most life on earth?

A

sunlight

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15
Q

Give one place chemosynthesis occurs.

A

deep ocean (abyss)

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16
Q

How does energy move through an ecosystem?

A

Energy flows through food chains and food webs

from producer to consumers and ending with decomposers.

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17
Q

How much energy is passed on to each successive step in a food chain?

A

10%

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18
Q

What happens to the energy that is not passed on to the next step in a food chain?

A

used by the organism or lost as heat to the environment

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19
Q

drifting organisms in water - Name and describe the 2 types.

A

plankton

  1. phytoplankton - plant-like
  2. zooplankton - animal-like
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20
Q

a feeding level in a food chain

A

trophic level

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21
Q

Name and describe the trophic levels.

A

1st trophic level - producer - plants
2nd trophic level - primary consumer - herbivore
3rd trophic level - secondary consumer - carnivore
4th trophic level tertiary consumer - carnivore
5th trophic level - quaternary consumer - carnivore

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22
Q

What acts on every step of the food chain to recycle the nutrients?

A

decomposers

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23
Q

interconnected food chains in an area

A

food web

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24
Q

What shape is good for representing the numbers of the various trophic levels in a food web? Explain.

A

pyramid - large numbers of producers at the bottom

- small numbers of top consumers

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25
Q

Name the three types of pyramids, and say what they measure.

A
  1. energy - calories
  2. biomass - grams
  3. numbers - counts
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26
Q

the total amount of living tissue

A

biomass

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27
Q

the continued movement of materials through living things and the earth

A

biogeochemical cycles

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28
Q

What is the difference between the movement of nutrients and the movement of energy in ecosystems?

A

energy flows - constantly need more

nutrients recycle - same matter is used over and over

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29
Q

the movement of standing water into the air

A

evaporation

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30
Q

when water vapor collects into clouds

A

condensation

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31
Q

when condensed water vapor falls back to earth as rain, snow…

A

precipitation

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32
Q

when water percolates through the ground to become groundwater

A

infiltration

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33
Q

water flowing downhill along the earth’s surface

A

runoff

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34
Q

an underground body of water

A

aquifer

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35
Q

water loss through plant leaves

A

transpiration

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36
Q

a dead zone in the ocean with no oxygen

A

hypoxic zone

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37
Q

another name for the water cycle

A

hydrologic cycle

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38
Q

What is the energy for the water cycle?

A

the sun causes evaporation and wind

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39
Q

What happens to runoff when there are fewer plants in an area? What does increased runoff do to erosion?

A

runoff moves faster and can cause more erosion - carry more sediment

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40
Q

How do plants get carbon?

A

from the atmosphere during photosynthesis

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41
Q

How do animals get carbon?

A

by eating

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42
Q

What are 3 natural processes that release CO2 into the atmosphere?

A
  1. respiration
  2. combustion
  3. volcanoes
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43
Q

What are 2 natural processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere?

A
  1. photosynthesis

2. dissolving into the ocean

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44
Q

What are 2 natural processes that “lock up” carbon in the ground?

A
  1. formation of fossil fuels

2. formation of calcium carbonate rock - limestone

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45
Q

What does excess carbon dioxide to to the atmosphere?

A

traps heat - global warming

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46
Q

Where is most nitrogen?

A

atmosphere - N2 gas

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47
Q

What process converts nitrogen gas into usable nitrogen compounds that fertilize soil?

A

nitrogen fixation

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48
Q

What group of plants live mutualistically with bacteria that fix nitrogen? Give examples.

A

legumes - peas, peanuts, soybeans

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49
Q

the process where bacteria convert nitrogen compounds into nitrogen gas and release it back to the air

A

denitrification

50
Q

What makes the phosphorus cycle unique from the other cycles?

A

Phosphorus is not found in the atmosphere.

51
Q

What important compounds need nitrogen?

A

proteins, ATP and nucleic acids (DNA)

52
Q

What important compound needs phosphorus?

A

ATP and nucleic acids (DNA)

53
Q

The long-term phosphorus cycle is really what other cycle?

A

rock cycle - erosion - sedimentation and uplift

54
Q

a factor when in short supply can slow the growth of an organism

A

limiting nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus are common limiting nutrients)

55
Q

How are nitrogen and phosphorus typically added to soil to make it more fertile?

A

fertilizer

56
Q

What happens when nitrogen and phosphorus runoff into waterways?

A

eutrophication causes algal blooms which can use up all the oxygen making the water stagnant (hypoxic)

57
Q

What is the difference between weather and climate?

A

weather - short-term, day to day

climate - long-term weather conditions

58
Q

What are the major factors involved in determining an area’s climate?

A
  1. sunlight - latitude
  2. temperature - carried by wind and water from warm to cold
  3. precipitation
59
Q

What are the Earth’s 3 main climate zones?

A
  1. tropical - around equator - gets the most direct sunlight
  2. temperate - on either side of tropical - has seasons
  3. polar - at extreme ends - least direct light
60
Q

the phenomenon where gases like CO2 trap heat and keep the earth warm

A

greenhouse effect

61
Q

What are two ways heat is transported through the biosphere? How does heat move?

A
  1. wind patterns
  2. water currents
    Heat moves from warm to cold.
62
Q

where an organism lives

A

habitat

63
Q

the ideal conditions an organism likes for survival

A

optimum conditions

64
Q

the area an organism can survive in

A

range of tolerance

65
Q

the area an organism defends

A

territory

66
Q

the role an organism plays in its community

A

niche

67
Q

No two organisms can have the exact same what? Why?

A

niche - competitive exclusion - they will compete for resources, and one will be more successful than the other

68
Q

the things organisms need to survive and compete for

A

resources

69
Q

when one organism hunts and kills another - What are they called?

A

predation - predator and prey

70
Q

a species so important to a community that when it dies off, the entire community is threatened - Give an example.

A

keystone species - sea otters in a kelp forest

71
Q

any relationship in which two organisms live closely together

A

symbiosis

72
Q

Name and explain the three main types of symbiosis.

A
  1. mutualism - both benefit
  2. parasitism - one benefits, and the other is unaffected
  3. commensalism - one benefits, and the other is unaffected
73
Q

Give 3 examples of mutualism.

A
  1. bee and flower
  2. lichen
  3. plant roots and fungus
  4. legumes and nitrogen fixing bacteria
  5. sea anemone and clownfish
74
Q

Give 3 examples of parasitism.

A
  1. flea
  2. tick
  3. tapeworm
  4. leech
75
Q

What do we call the organism a parasite lives in or on?

A

host

76
Q

Give 2 examples of commensalism.

A
  1. barnacle on a whale
  2. pilot fish on a whale
  3. remora and whale
  4. lion and vulture
77
Q

a series of changes that occurs in an ecosystem as new organisms move into the area

A

ecological succession

78
Q

Name and describe the two types of ecological succession.

A
  1. primary succession - begins on bare rock

2. secondary succession - begins with some soil after a natural disaster

79
Q

What do we call the first organisms to move into an area?

A

pioneer organisms

80
Q

What do we call the mature, stable community created by succession?

A

climax community

81
Q

Give 2 examples of pioneer organisms.

A
  1. lichen

2. moss

82
Q

Why is a lichen such a good pioneer?

A

It can live on bare rock because the fungus dissolves the rock to get nutrients and make soil, and the alga can do photosynthesis while the fungus protects it from drying out

83
Q

Which type of succession happens faster, and why?

A

secondary - already some soil in place

84
Q

What was DDT used for?

A

kill insects

85
Q

What property of DDT makes it hazardous over time?

A

It is subject to biological magnification where it increases through the food chain.

86
Q

Sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the air mix with water to form what?

A

acid rain

87
Q

gray, brown haze over cities

A

smog

88
Q

How do introduced or alien species threaten biodiversity?

A

They have no natural predators, so they crowd out native species and overpopulate.

89
Q

a musing easure of our impact on the biosphere

A

ecological footprint

90
Q

How does raising cattle and growing rice contribute to air pollution?

A

releasing the greenhouse gas methane in large quantities

91
Q

non-renewable resources

A

coal, oil, natural gas

92
Q

renewable resources

A

sunlight, water, fast-growing plants

93
Q

using resources in a way that doesn’t have long-term environmental harm while providing for human needs

A

sustainability

94
Q

What does a healthy ecosystem provide us with?

A

breathable air, food, water

95
Q

What caused the 1930’s dust bowl?

A

poor farming techniques

96
Q

poor farming, overgrazing and seasonal drought cause an area to not support plants

A

desertification

97
Q

the scientific study of population

A

demography

98
Q

The demographic transition changes high birth rates and high death rates to what?

A

low birth rates and low death rates

99
Q

After what event did the human population begin experiencing exponential growth?

A

Industrial Revolution

100
Q

What is a benefit of a monoculture to agriculture?

A

easier to farm and grow a lot of food

101
Q

Is spraying for mosquitoes a density-dependent or density-independent limiting factor?

A

density-independent

102
Q

Give 3 examples of density-dependent limiting factors.

A

crowding, competition for resources, disease

103
Q

On what type of population do density-dependent factors have the biggest effect?

A

large and dense

104
Q

Give 3 examples of density-independent limiting factors.

A

earthquakes, fire, flood, deforestation

105
Q

What do we call the factors that control the size of a population?

A

limiting factors

106
Q

the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support

A

carrying capacity

107
Q

What happens to a population that grows higher than its carrying capacity?

A

death rate may rise

108
Q

The major limiting factor in a desert is the availability of

A

water

109
Q

What is the exponential phase?

A

period of rapid growth

110
Q

What happens to a population as resources become less available?

A

reaches carrying capacity - growth slows

111
Q

movement of individuals in a population - Name and describe the 2 kinds.

A

migration

  1. immigration - moving in
  2. emigration - moving out
112
Q

the depth of water through which light penetrates

A

photic

113
Q

the region of water without light

A

aphotic

114
Q

Why is there less light in the aphotic zone?

A

phytoplankton need light for photosynthesis, and zooplankton eat phytoplankton

115
Q

the bottom of a body of water

A

benthic zone

116
Q

a mixture of fresh and salt water

A

estuary

117
Q

Why are wetlands so important?

A
  1. purify water
  2. prevent flooding
  3. recharge aquifers
  4. place where many living things are born
118
Q

how many individuals are in a given area

A

population density

119
Q

the area inhabited by a population

A

range

120
Q
  1. eat meat
  2. eat plants
  3. eat plants and meat
  4. eat dead organisms
A
  1. carnivore
  2. herbivore
  3. omnivore
  4. scavenger
121
Q

an animal that hunts and kills another for food

the hunted animal

A

predator - prey

122
Q

How can several organisms live in the same habitat?

A

different niches

biology (16 decks)

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