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cell structure and function Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of cells

A

cytology

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2
Q

the smallest living unit

A

cell

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3
Q

a living thing made of one cell

A

unicellular

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4
Q

a living thing made of many cells

A

multicellular

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5
Q

the 3-part idea that living things are made of cells, cells are the functioning units of living organisms, and cells come from the division of cells

A

cell theory

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6
Q

What had to be invented before the cell theory was developed?

A

microscope

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7
Q

How has the expansion of the cell theory been linked to technology?

A

As microscopes improve, we see more and understand cells better.

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8
Q

What type of microscope sees living organisms? Describe these microscopes.

A

compound light microscope - 2 lenses (curved glass) at opposite ends of a tube

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9
Q

What type of microscope sees more detail than light microscopes?

A

electron microscope

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10
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes, and how are they different?

A
  1. SEM - scanning electron microscope - sees 3D images of cell surface
  2. TEM - transmission electron microscpe - sees slices of interior of cell
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11
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A

advantages - works with a computer, can be color-enhanced, and see more detail

disadvantages - objects must be dead, actual image is black and white

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12
Q

Who named the cell while looking at cork? What is cork?

A

Robert Hooke - dead plant cells (cell walls)

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13
Q

Who invented an early microscope, saw living cells, and wrote journal entries?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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14
Q

Who studied plants and found that all plants are made of cells?

A

Matthias Schleiden

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15
Q

Who studied animals and found that all animals are made of cells

A

Theodor Schwann

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16
Q

Who was a physician who found that cells come from the division of pre-existing cells?

A

Rudolf Virchow

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17
Q

Who stained the cell and saw the nucleus?

A

Robert Brown

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18
Q

Who discovered the Golgi bodies

A

Camillo Golgi

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19
Q

Who came up with the idea of endosymbiosis?

A

Lynn Margulis

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20
Q

What important cell structure is a selectively permeable lipid bi-layer with embedded proteins that regulates the transport of materials in and out of a cell

A

cell membrane

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21
Q

What membrane chemical has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and won’t let water through?

A

phospholipid

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22
Q

water loving

A

hydrophilic

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23
Q

water fearing

A

hydrophobic

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24
Q

this describes the cell membrane because it is in pieces of lipids, proteins, and carbs and can change

A

fluid mosaic

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25
Q

viscous living material inside a cell, everything between the cell membrane and nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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26
Q

the control center of a cell, contains DNA and RNA (genetic code), only found in eukaryotes surrounded by a membrane with nuclear pores

A

nucleus

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27
Q

What is the purpose of proteins in the cell membrane?

A
  1. channels
  2. carriers
  3. ID tags for white blood cells
  4. connections for tissues
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28
Q

What do we call cells with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles?

A

prokaryotes

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29
Q

What are the only organisms that are prokaryotes?

A

bacteria

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30
Q

What do we call cells that do have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?

A

eukaryotes

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31
Q

What organisms have eukaryotic cells?

A

plants, animals, protists, and fungi

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32
Q

How are prokaryote chromosomes different from eukaryotic chromosomes?

A

prokaryotes - circular DNA

eukaryotes - linear DNA

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33
Q

any cell part

A

organelle

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34
Q

large storage structures that store water, salts, proteins, and carbs

A

vacuoles

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35
Q

a vacuole that can pump out excess water

A

contractile vacuole

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36
Q

smaller storage structures that move stuff around inside a cell or dump stuff out

A

vesicle

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37
Q

a digestive sac that contains hydrolytic enzymes, break down food and worn out organelles

A

lysosomes

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38
Q

framework of microfilaments and microtubules, causes cytoplasmic streaming

A

cytoskeleton

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39
Q

the protein threads of the cytoskeleton, made of tubulin (hollow)

A

microtubules

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40
Q

the protein threads of the cytoskeleton, made of actin (solid)

A

microfilaments

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41
Q

microtubule structures that organize the cytoskeleton during cell division (mitosis) - organize the mitotic spindle

A

centrioles

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42
Q

microtubule extensions on the cell surface that sweep materials along or help a cell move (paramecium)

A

cilia

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43
Q

microtubule extensions on the cell surface that help increase the surface area for absorption and secretion

A

microvilli

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44
Q

two-part RNA structure made in the nucleolus that makes proteins (2 types - free and fixed)

A

ribosomes

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45
Q

transport membranes to move lipids and proteins, connected to the nuclear envelope

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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46
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?

A

rough has ribosomes, and smooth does not

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47
Q

a stack of membranes that process and package chemicals into vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

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48
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA codes for RNA which builds proteins

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49
Q

organelle where photosynthesis occurs

A

chloroplast

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50
Q

organelle where respiration occurs

A

mitochondrion

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51
Q

idea that eukaryotes came from prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotes

A

endosymbiosis

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52
Q

What makes the chloroplasts and mitochondria like bacteria?

A
  1. same size and shape
  2. have their own circular DNA
  3. have ribosomes
  4. reproduce themselves like binary fission
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53
Q

a rigid but porous structure outside the cell membrane of some cells

A

cell wall

54
Q

What are cell walls of plants made of?

A

cellulose

55
Q

What are cell walls of fungi made of?

A

chitin

56
Q

What are cell walls of some bacteria made of?

A

peptidoglycan

57
Q

the movement of materials through a cell membrane to allow the cell to get food, oxygen, water… and get rid of wastes

A

cell transport

58
Q

What type of cell transport uses energy to move material from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

A

active transport

59
Q

Name the three types of active transport.

A
  1. endocytosis
  2. exocytosis
  3. ion pumps (sodium-potassium pump)
60
Q

What type of cell transport moves material from high to low concentration and doesn’t require energy?

A

passive transport

61
Q

Name the three types of passive transport.

A
  1. diffusion
  2. osmosis
  3. facilitated diffusion
62
Q

active transport where material is brought in through a membrane and pinched off into a vacuole

A

endocytosis

63
Q

active transport where material is released through a cell membrane

A

exocytosis

64
Q

endocytosis of solids - the way white blood cells consume germs

A

phagocytosis

65
Q

active transport with special carrier proteins that use energy

A

ion pump

66
Q

passive transport that moves any material from high to low concentration

A

diffusion

67
Q

the diffusion of water

A

osmosis

68
Q

diffusion through channel protein

A

facilitated diffusion

69
Q

a region of high concentration

A

hypertonic

70
Q

a region of low concentration

A

hypotonic

71
Q

when two regions have equal concentration

A

isotonic

72
Q

a difference in concentration from one area to another

A

concentration gradient

73
Q

the force that causes water to flow toward higher solute concentration

A

osmotic pressure

74
Q

water pushing against the inside of a plant cell making it firm

A

turgor pressure

75
Q

special water channels for osmosis

A

aquaporins

76
Q

Which way does water move when a cell is placed in a hypertonic environment?

A

water moves out and cell shrivels

77
Q

Which way does water move when a cell is placed in a hypotonic environment?

A

water moves in and the cell swells (animal cells burst)

78
Q

Why don’t plant cells burst?

A

cell wall prevents it

79
Q

Why do hospitals use dextran or saline instead of pure water to rehydrate someone?

A

isotonic with body cells

80
Q

when cells of multicellular organisms get specific jobs or functions (2 terms)

A

cell specialization

cell differentiation

81
Q

Give some examples of specialized cells and what they do.

A
  1. red blood cells carry oxygen
  2. white blood cells fight infection
  3. nerve cells send messages
  4. muscle cells contract to move
82
Q

a group of cells that work together

A

tissue - muscle, connective, nerve, epithelium

83
Q

a group of tissues that work together

A

organ - heart, kidney, lung

84
Q

a group of organs that work together

A

organ system - cardiovascular, digestive

85
Q

energy stored in the bonds of compounds

A

chemical energy

86
Q

stored chemical energy consumed by organisms as fuel

A

food

87
Q

the energy value of food, raises temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

A

calorie

88
Q

1000 calories

A

1 Calorie (1 kilocalorie)

89
Q

usable cell energy

A

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

90
Q

What chemicals make up ATP?

A

adenosine, ribose, and 3 phosphates

91
Q

partially used cell energy

A

ADP - adenosine diphosphate

92
Q

What chemicals make up ADP?

A

adenosine, ribose and 2 phosphates

93
Q

anaerobic respiration in yeast and other microbes, used in making beer and bread

A

alcoholic fermentation

94
Q

anaerobic respiration in human muscles

A

lactic acid fermentation

95
Q

the waste made by human muscles during anaerobic respiration - What does it do to the muscles?

A

lactic acid - causes fatigue

96
Q

respiration with air (oxygen)

A

aerobic

97
Q

respiration without air (oxygen)

A

anaerobic

98
Q

a chemical that quickly replaces a phosphate on ADP to make ATP

A

creatine phosphate

99
Q

Where is the energy stored in ATP, and how is it released?

A

in phosphate bonds - break off a phosphate

100
Q

Which major type of respiration makes more energy and less waste?

A

aerobic

101
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

aerobic - mitochondrion

anaerobic - cytoplasm

102
Q

What is the problem with aerobic respiration?

A

slower

103
Q

What are the waste products of aerobic respiration, and what happens to them?

A

CO2 and H2O - exhaled

104
Q

a color

A

pigment

105
Q

the green pigment in plants that traps sunlight

A

chlorophyll

106
Q

organelle where photosynthesis occurs

A

chloroplasts

107
Q

all the wavelengths of energy from the sun

A

electromagnetic spectrum

108
Q

the part of the electromagnetic spectrum we can see, ROY G BIV

A

visible light

109
Q

What is produced by photosynthesis?

A

carbohydrates (sugar (glucose) and starch) and oxygen

110
Q

Where do plants get the needed energy for photosynthesis?

A

sunlight

111
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis and how?

A
  1. light intensity - more light means more photosynthesis until it reaches the maximum rate
  2. availability of CO2 and H2O - more reactants mean more photosynthesis until it reaches the maximum rate
  3. temperature - enzymes work best between 0-35 degrees Celsius then change shape and quit working
112
Q

What happens to the surface to volume ratio of a cell as it grows? How does this affect the cell?

A

As a cell grows, the ratio of surface to volume decreases making it harder for the cell to get needed materials and remove wastes.

113
Q

What is the advantage of asexual reproduction? disadvantage?

A

faster - makes more copies in a stable environment

cells are identical - no diversity

114
Q

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction? disadvantage?

A

slower, but produces diversity in a changing environment

115
Q

DNA in a cell that is not dividing

A

chromatin

116
Q

DNA in a cell that is dividing

A

chromosomes

117
Q

1/2 of a replicated chromosome

A

sister chromatid

118
Q

the structure that holds replicated sister chromatids together

A

centromere

119
Q

the part of the cell cycle where a cell spends most of its time and is doing its regular metabolic activities

A

interphase

120
Q

the part of the cell cycle where the cell is making daughter cells

A

cell division

121
Q

the division of the nucleus

A

mitosis

122
Q

the division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

123
Q

Name the 3 parts of interphase, and say what happens in each step.

A

G1 - growth, doubles in size and does metabolic activity
S - DNA replicates
G2 - growth in preparation for mitosis

124
Q

Name the 4 phases of mitosis in order, and say what happens in each step.

A
  1. prophase - chromosomes form
  2. metaphase - chromosomes line up at the equator
  3. anaphase - replicated chromosomes pull apart
  4. telophase - get two identical nuclei
125
Q

What phase of mitosis is the longest?

A

prophase

126
Q

What 2 phases of mitosis are opposites?

A

prophase and telophase

127
Q

How is mitosis different in plants and animals?

A
  1. animals have centrioles - plants don’t

2. plants make a cell plate while animals cleave (pinch in)

128
Q

a disease of uncontrolled cell division

A

cancer

129
Q

a mass of cells

A

tumor

130
Q

chemicals that cause cancer

A

carcinogens

biology (16 decks)

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