animal structure and function Flashcards
What 2 things do animals get from their food?
- nutrients
2. energy
What is the term for animals that strain food from water?
filter feeder
animals that get decaying bits of plants and animals from the ground
detritivore
animals that eat meat
carnivore
animals that eat plants
herbivore
animals that eat both plants and meat
omnivores
interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association
symbiosis
the type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit
mutualism
the type of symbiosis where one feeds on the tissues of another
parasitism
the organism a parasite lives in or on
host
a type of symbiosis where one benefits and the other is unaffected
commensalism
Give an example of a parasite
flea, tick. leech, tapeworm
Give an example of a mutual.
- clownfish and anemone
- coral and algae
- bee and a flower
- termite and a ciliate
- cow and intestinal bacteria
digestion inside a cell
intracellular
digestion outside of a cell
extracellular
Does intracellular or extracellular digestion allow for a larger meal? Explain.
extracellular - cells are microscopic
What is the difference between a digestive tract and a gastrovascular cavity?
gastrovascular cavity has only one opening that serves as both the mouth and anus
digestive tract has separate openings for mouth and anus
Give an example of organisms with intracellular digestion.
sponges
Give 2 examples of organisms with gastrovascular cavities.
flatworms and cnidarians
solid wastes released from the digestive tract - what is it called when that is released
feces - defecation
Name and describe the four major types of teeth.
incisors - clip food
canines - sharp teeth to rip and tear
premolars - grinding
molars - crushing
What is the difference in the teeth of herbivores and carnivores.
herbivores - reduced or absent canines and lots of molar surface
carnivores - large canines
What is the difference in the length of the digestive tract of herbivores and carnivores?
carnivores - shorter - easier to digest meat
herbivores - longer to digest cellulose (plant fiber)
What is the extra chamber in cows for helping them break down cellulose (plant fiber)? What do we call animals with this chamber?
rumen - ruminants
What is in the rumen that helps with digestion? How does it help?
bacteria - ferment grass when chewing cud
What is gas exchange?
oxygen in and CO2 out
What is the purpose of oxygen?
burns food
What is the term for respiration with oxygen? without oxygen?
aerobic/anaerobic
By what process do gases move across respiratory surfaces?
diffusion
What causes materials to move by diffusion?
kinetic energy - move from high to low concentration - down the gradient
Give the 5 characteristics of a good respiratory surface?
- large surface area
- moist
- selectively permeable
- concentration difference (gradient)
- maintain the concentration gradient
What structure do the most simple organisms use for respiration?
their skin
What is the most common structure for aquatic organisms to use as a respiratory surface?
gills
What do most larger terrestrial organisms use as a respiratory surface?
lungs
What is the biggest problem faced by terrestrial organisms for respiration?
drying out of respiratory surfaces
what happens to the lungs as we go from amphibians to reptiles to mammals? Explain why this is necessary.
increase surface area (more branches and partitions) because larger and more active - need more energy
What are the air sacs of mammals where gases are exchanged?
alveoli
What is wrapped around the alveoli to allow gas exchange
capillaries
What makes bird lungs more efficient than mammal lungs?
air flows mostly in one directionso they continually get fresh air
What makes fish gills more efficient at removing oxygen from the water?
countercurrent flow of blood and water
the hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood around the body
heart
What is the difference in the structure of an open and a closed circulatory system?
open - blood isn’t always in vessels
closed - blood is always in vessels
Do open or closed circulatory systems build up higher pressure? What is the advantage of higher pressure?
closed - more pressure
animals can be more active because they get a steady flow of oxygen and nutrients
the upper, receiving chamber of the heart
atrium
the lower, pumping chamber of the heart
ventricle
an animal with a 2-chambered heart
Blood flows from heart to gills to body
single-loop circulation
an animal with a 3 or 4 chambered heart so the blood goes from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart before going on to the body
double-loop circulation
What is the advantage of having 4 chambers in the heart instead of 3?
There is no mixing of oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.
What type of vertebrates have a single-loop circulation?
fish
What type of vertebrates have a double-loop circulation?
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
What animals have four-chambered hearts? What is the advantage
birds and mammals - higher metabolism (more oxygen and nutrients to cells)
the elimination of wastes
excretion
The toxic nitrogen waste created by the cells
ammonia
SInce ammonia is toxic, animals have 2 choices for handling it. What are the 2 choices?
- eliminate it immediately
2. convert it to a less toxic waste to store and eliminate it later
Why does ammonia work for aquatic organisms?
can eliminate it immediately into water where it is washed away and diluted
What is ammonia converted to to store before releasing?
urea or uric acid
What is the difference between urine and uric acid?
urine - mixed with water
uric acid - dry
Why does uric acid work better than urine for some organisms?
conserves water - not as heavy to store
