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biology > animal structure and function > Flashcards

animal structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 things do animals get from their food?

A
  1. nutrients

2. energy

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2
Q

What is the term for animals that strain food from water?

A

filter feeder

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3
Q

animals that get decaying bits of plants and animals from the ground

A

detritivore

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4
Q

animals that eat meat

A

carnivore

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5
Q

animals that eat plants

A

herbivore

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6
Q

animals that eat both plants and meat

A

omnivores

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7
Q

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association

A

symbiosis

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8
Q

the type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit

A

mutualism

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9
Q

the type of symbiosis where one feeds on the tissues of another

A

parasitism

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10
Q

the organism a parasite lives in or on

A

host

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11
Q

a type of symbiosis where one benefits and the other is unaffected

A

commensalism

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12
Q

Give an example of a parasite

A

flea, tick. leech, tapeworm

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13
Q

Give an example of a mutual.

A
  1. clownfish and anemone
  2. coral and algae
  3. bee and a flower
  4. termite and a ciliate
  5. cow and intestinal bacteria
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14
Q

digestion inside a cell

A

intracellular

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15
Q

digestion outside of a cell

A

extracellular

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16
Q

Does intracellular or extracellular digestion allow for a larger meal? Explain.

A

extracellular - cells are microscopic

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17
Q

What is the difference between a digestive tract and a gastrovascular cavity?

A

gastrovascular cavity has only one opening that serves as both the mouth and anus
digestive tract has separate openings for mouth and anus

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18
Q

Give an example of organisms with intracellular digestion.

A

sponges

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19
Q

Give 2 examples of organisms with gastrovascular cavities.

A

flatworms and cnidarians

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20
Q

solid wastes released from the digestive tract - what is it called when that is released

A

feces - defecation

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21
Q

Name and describe the four major types of teeth.

A

incisors - clip food
canines - sharp teeth to rip and tear
premolars - grinding
molars - crushing

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22
Q

What is the difference in the teeth of herbivores and carnivores.

A

herbivores - reduced or absent canines and lots of molar surface
carnivores - large canines

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23
Q

What is the difference in the length of the digestive tract of herbivores and carnivores?

A

carnivores - shorter - easier to digest meat

herbivores - longer to digest cellulose (plant fiber)

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24
Q

What is the extra chamber in cows for helping them break down cellulose (plant fiber)? What do we call animals with this chamber?

A

rumen - ruminants

25
Q

What is in the rumen that helps with digestion? How does it help?

A

bacteria - ferment grass when chewing cud

26
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

oxygen in and CO2 out

27
Q

What is the purpose of oxygen?

A

burns food

28
Q

What is the term for respiration with oxygen? without oxygen?

A

aerobic/anaerobic

29
Q

By what process do gases move across respiratory surfaces?

A

diffusion

30
Q

What causes materials to move by diffusion?

A

kinetic energy - move from high to low concentration - down the gradient

31
Q

Give the 5 characteristics of a good respiratory surface?

A
  1. large surface area
  2. moist
  3. selectively permeable
  4. concentration difference (gradient)
  5. maintain the concentration gradient
32
Q

What structure do the most simple organisms use for respiration?

A

their skin

33
Q

What is the most common structure for aquatic organisms to use as a respiratory surface?

A

gills

34
Q

What do most larger terrestrial organisms use as a respiratory surface?

A

lungs

35
Q

What is the biggest problem faced by terrestrial organisms for respiration?

A

drying out of respiratory surfaces

36
Q

what happens to the lungs as we go from amphibians to reptiles to mammals? Explain why this is necessary.

A

increase surface area (more branches and partitions) because larger and more active - need more energy

37
Q

What are the air sacs of mammals where gases are exchanged?

A

alveoli

38
Q

What is wrapped around the alveoli to allow gas exchange

A

capillaries

39
Q

What makes bird lungs more efficient than mammal lungs?

A

air flows mostly in one directionso they continually get fresh air

40
Q

What makes fish gills more efficient at removing oxygen from the water?

A

countercurrent flow of blood and water

41
Q

the hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood around the body

A

heart

42
Q

What is the difference in the structure of an open and a closed circulatory system?

A

open - blood isn’t always in vessels

closed - blood is always in vessels

43
Q

Do open or closed circulatory systems build up higher pressure? What is the advantage of higher pressure?

A

closed - more pressure

animals can be more active because they get a steady flow of oxygen and nutrients

44
Q

the upper, receiving chamber of the heart

A

atrium

45
Q

the lower, pumping chamber of the heart

A

ventricle

46
Q

an animal with a 2-chambered heart

Blood flows from heart to gills to body

A

single-loop circulation

47
Q

an animal with a 3 or 4 chambered heart so the blood goes from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart before going on to the body

A

double-loop circulation

48
Q

What is the advantage of having 4 chambers in the heart instead of 3?

A

There is no mixing of oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.

49
Q

What type of vertebrates have a single-loop circulation?

A

fish

50
Q

What type of vertebrates have a double-loop circulation?

A

amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

51
Q

What animals have four-chambered hearts? What is the advantage

A

birds and mammals - higher metabolism (more oxygen and nutrients to cells)

52
Q

the elimination of wastes

A

excretion

53
Q

The toxic nitrogen waste created by the cells

A

ammonia

54
Q

SInce ammonia is toxic, animals have 2 choices for handling it. What are the 2 choices?

A
  1. eliminate it immediately

2. convert it to a less toxic waste to store and eliminate it later

55
Q

Why does ammonia work for aquatic organisms?

A

can eliminate it immediately into water where it is washed away and diluted

56
Q

What is ammonia converted to to store before releasing?

A

urea or uric acid

57
Q

What is the difference between urine and uric acid?

A

urine - mixed with water

uric acid - dry

58
Q

Why does uric acid work better than urine for some organisms?

A

conserves water - not as heavy to store

biology (16 decks)

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