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biology > chapters 25 and 26 > Flashcards

chapters 25 and 26 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give the 6 traits that identify organisms as animals.

A
  1. multicellular 2. eukaryotic 3. heterotrophic 4. no cell walls 5. usually motile 6. usually ingests food
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2
Q

Give the 4 survival needs of animals

A
  1. maintain homeostasis 2. obtaining and circulating nutrients 3. collecting and excreting wastes 4. gathering and responding to information
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3
Q

animals with backbones

A

vertebrates

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4
Q

animals without backbones

A

invertebrates

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5
Q

the phylum of organisms that includes vertebrates, have two cords running down their back at some point in their lives

A

chordates

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6
Q

Give the four major traits of chordates.

A
  1. notochord 2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3. pharyngeal slits/pouches 4. post-anal tail
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7
Q

What does the notochord become in humans and other vertebrates?

A

structural support, backbone (spine) or vertebrae

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8
Q

What does the nerve cord become?

A

spinal cord and brain

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9
Q

What do the pharyngeal slits and pouches become in humans?

A

part of the ear and throat

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10
Q

What do the pharyngeal slits and pouches become in fish?

A

gills

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11
Q

a fertilized egg

A

zygote

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12
Q

the early cell divisions, divide into progressively smaller, identical cells called blastomeres

A

cleavage

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13
Q

the identical cells within a blastula, created by cleavage

A

blastomeres

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14
Q

the solid ball of cells created by cleavage

A

morula

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15
Q

the hollow ball of cells created by cleavage

A

blastula

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16
Q

the stage in embryonic development created by the invagination (bending in) of the blastula

A

gastrula

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17
Q

the opening into the gastrula

A

blastopore

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18
Q

What two possible things does the blastopore become?

A

mouth or anus

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19
Q

having no symmetry

A

asymmetry

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20
Q

having circular symmetry like spokes on a wheel where body parts extend outward from a center point

A

radial symmetry

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21
Q

having one plane of symmetry with two mirror halves

A

bilateral symmetry

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22
Q

Which type of symmetry is best in more active animals?

A

bilateral

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23
Q

Which type of symmetry is best in sessile animals or ones that don’t move much?

A

radial

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24
Q

5-part radial symmetry common in echinoderms

A

pentaradial

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25
Q

Name and describe the location of the 3 embryonic germ layers.

A

endoderm - inner layer ectoderm - outer layer mesoderm - middle layer

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26
Q

What do each of the 3 embryonic germ layers become?

A

endoderm - lining of digestive and respiratory tracts ectoderm - skin and nervous system mesoderm - muscle, bone and connective tissues

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27
Q

a true body cavity (space lined with mesoderm)

A

coelom

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28
Q

a fake body cavity (space not lined with mesoderm)

A

pseudocoelom

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29
Q

no body cavity

A

acoelomate

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30
Q

What are 2 functions of body cavities?

A
  1. room for organs to move 2. room for food storage…
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31
Q

What are animals called if the blastopore becomes their mouths, and what does it mean?

A

protostomes - mouth first

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32
Q

What are animals called if the blastopore becomes their anus, and what does it mean?

A

deuterostomes - mouth second

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33
Q

What animals are protostomes?

A

all invertebrates except echinoderms

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34
Q

What animals are deuterostomes?

A

all vertebrates plus echinoderms

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35
Q

What term means the development of a head end?

A

cephalization

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36
Q

What is the advantage of having a head?

A

sense organs are concentrated - head enters environment first and can sense danger

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37
Q

What is the advantage of segmentation?

A

animals could grow larger without adding more DNA - just repeated

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38
Q

What happened with segmentation to make it even more advanced?

A

segments fused and became specialized

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39
Q

What are appendages?

A

anything sticking off the body like legs, antennae, mouthparts…

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40
Q

What group of animals is composed of basically specialized cells and no tisses?

A

poriferans - sponges

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41
Q

What group of animals is made of only two germ layers so no organs?

A

cnidarians - corals, anemones, jellies

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42
Q

What is the term for having two germ layers?

A

diploblastic

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43
Q

What is the term for having three germ layers?

A

triploblastic

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44
Q

What is the advantage of having a third germ layer?

A

can build organs

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45
Q

What group of animals is asymmetrical?

A

sponges

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46
Q

What two groups of animals have radial symmetry?

A

cnidarians and echinoderms

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47
Q

What is unusual about echinoderm larvae?

A

bilateral symmetry and a head

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48
Q

a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms

A

cladogram

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49
Q

What do nodes on a cladogram represent?

A

when traits show up

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50
Q

What do branches on a cladogram represent?

A

when groups of organisms diverge from one another

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51
Q

the process by which an animal takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

A

breathing

52
Q

the process by which an organism releases wastes from its body

A

excretion

53
Q

the process by which an organism distributes materials around its body

A

circulation

54
Q

cells without a nucleus - the only example

A

prokaryotes - bacteria

55
Q

cells with a nucleus - give examples

A

eukaryotes - protists, fungi, plant, animal

56
Q

reproduction by combining two haploid gametes

A

sexual

57
Q

What does the word haploid mean?

A

having half the DNA

58
Q

the process by which an organism breaks down food to a usable form

A

digestion

59
Q

the geologic time period when most major forms of life first appear in the fossil record

A

Cambrian Explosion

60
Q

the sponges

A

Poriferans

61
Q

the jellyfish, corals and anemones

A

Cnidarians

62
Q

the jointed foot animals like insects, spiders, centipedes, millipedes…

A

Arthropods

63
Q

the roundworms like hook worms and pin worms

A

Nematodes

64
Q

the flatworms like a tapeworm or planarians

A

Platyhelminthes

65
Q

the segmented worms like earthworms and leeches

A

Annelids

66
Q

the spiny skinned animals like sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins…

A

Echinoderms

67
Q

the soft bodied animals with shells like snails,clams, octopus, and squid

A

Mollusks

68
Q

a water skeleton

A

hydrostatic

69
Q

a rigid skeletal material reinforced with collagen and calcium

A

bone

70
Q

a more soft, flexible skeletal material

A

cartilage

71
Q

a complex cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryote

72
Q

an organism that must eat other organisms to survive, a consumer

A

heterotroph

73
Q

If a student looks at cells under a microscope, how might the student know it is NOT an animal cell?

A

has cell walls

74
Q

95% of all animals are what? Less than 5% of all animals are what?

A

95% invertebrates 5% vertebrates

75
Q

a stable internal environment in organisms

A

homeostasis

76
Q

Why do animals eat?

A

to get nutrients and energy

77
Q

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

produces diversity to allow organisms to adapt to a changing environment and new living conditions

78
Q

What body system works closely with the muscles to allow movement?

A

skeletal

79
Q

How does muscle tissue work to allow movement?

A

contracts or shortens to pull on bones

80
Q

What is the difference between an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton?

A

endo - inside and grows with you exo - outside and must be molted

81
Q

A vertebrate has which type of skeleton, endoskeleton or exoskeleton?

A

endo

82
Q

What is a possible advantage of asexual reproduction?

A

increase numbers rapidly

83
Q

To maintain homeostasis, an animal that hunts and feeds in salt water needs adaptations to do what?

A

get rid of excess salt to maintain homeostasis

84
Q

What is the most simple method for obtaining oxygen?

A

diffusion through skin

85
Q

How would you describe an organism with this body plan?

A

acoelomate

86
Q

In an animal that is bilaterally symmetrical, what two sides mirror each other?

A

left and right

87
Q

a true coelom is lined with what tissue?

A

mesoderm

88
Q

What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome?

A

when and where the mouth forms

89
Q

What develops from ectoderm?

A

skin and nerves

90
Q

What develops from endoderm?

A

digestive and respiratory tract

91
Q

What develops from mesoderm

A

muscle, bone, blood

92
Q

What type of symmetry do jellyfish have?

A

radial symmetry

93
Q

Why do animals without 3 germ layers not have organs?

A

Mesoderm allows for muscle and connective tissue to build organs.

94
Q

What is the advantage of an endoskeleton?

A

It grows with the animal and doesn’t need to be molted.

95
Q

On what continent do we believe humans evolved?

A

Africa

96
Q

Why do echinoderm larva have bilteral symmetry?

A

Echinoderms have a bilateral ancestor. Bilateral symmetry allows the larvae to move to new locations before becoming adults.

97
Q

Why are starfish and their relatives considered more closely related to chordates than other invertebrates?

A

They are deuterostomes.

98
Q

seeing with two eyes at the same time, gives depth perception

A

binocular vision - allows them to go from branch to branch without falling

99
Q

walking upright on two legs, frees the hands for using tools

A

bipedalism

100
Q

a grasping tail in monkeys

A

prehensile

101
Q

grasping thumb, works opposite fingers

A

opposable

102
Q

grasping thumb, works opposite fingers

A

Homo sapien

103
Q

the order of mammals including monkeys, apes, and humans

A

primates

104
Q

the great apes

A

hominoids

105
Q

human-like primates (monkeys, apes, and humans)

A

anthropoids

106
Q

human lineage, modern humans and extinct ancestors

A

hominenes

107
Q

the largest unit of time on the geologic time scale

A

eon

108
Q

the entire history of life on earth divided into units of time

A

geologic time scale

109
Q

the time period meaning recent animals, dominated by mammals

A

cenozoic

110
Q

the time period meaning middle animals, dominated by reptiles including dinosaurs

A

mosozoic

111
Q

the time period meaning ancient animals, dominated by invertebrates, fish, and amphibians

A

paleozoic

112
Q

the time period when ancestors of all the major phyla appeared for the first time

A

Cambrian explosion

113
Q

the major time period when life first formed in the oceans, originally thought there was no life

A

Precambrian

114
Q

What is the advantage of a true coelom?

A

can eat a larger meal and have muscle to churn and push food along

115
Q

What is the advantage of bilateral symmetry?

A

have a definite head and can be more active

116
Q

What is the advantage of radial symmetry? What type of lifestyle do animals with radial symmetry share?

Name the 2 groups of animals with radial symmetry.

A

good when food comes at you from many directions and you can’t move to get it

  1. echinoderms
  2. cnidarians
117
Q

a major group of related organisms

A

phylum (phyla)

118
Q

a flexible material that forms the skeleton of some organisms

A

cartilage

119
Q

the shedding of skin or exoskeleton

A

molting

120
Q

vertebrates with fins and scales

A

fish

121
Q

vertebrates with dry, scaly skin and leathery shelled eggs

A

reptiles

122
Q

vertebrates with moist skin and eggs without shells

A

amphibians

123
Q

vertebrates with wings and feathers

A

birds

124
Q

endothermic animals with fur, feed babies milk

A

mammals

125
Q
A

biology (16 decks)

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