EOC Review Flashcards by Kim Crouse

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?

genetic diversity or variation

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What is the advantage of asexual reproduction?

speed and large number of offspring

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Give 2 reasons why SI or metric is preferred in science.

universal - used around the world

2. based on 10 so easier to use

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What are the metric units, and what is each used to measure?

meter - length
liter - liquid volume
gram - mass
second - time
Celsius or Kelvin - temperature

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What is the importance of enzymes?

speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy

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What do higher temperatures do to enzymes?

work best at an optimum temperature - too hot can denature them or change their shape so they won’t fit with their substrate

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What type of chemical are enzymes?

proteins

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What codes for enzymes?

DNA

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What is meant when we say enzymes are specific?

work on only one substrate

lactase works only on lactose

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What is the function of carbohydrates?

Name the monomer and polymer and examples.

energy
monosaccharides - polysaccharides
sugar and starch

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What is the function of lipids?

Name the monomer and polymer and examples.

store energy, insulate, cushion, lipid bilayers make membranes
fatty acids and glycerol - triglycerides
fat, wax, oil

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What is the function of proteins?

Name the monomer and polymer and examples.

structure and function of body
amino acids - polypeptides
hemoglobin, collagen, enzymes

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What is the function of nucleic acids?

Name the monomer and polymer and examples.

information (code)
nucleotides - polynucleotides
DNA and RNA

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What makes a chemical compound organic?

lots of repeating carbon units (monomers)

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What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?

biotic are living and abiotic are not

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What is the entire layer of life around the Earth?

biosphere

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What creates different ecosystems?

different abiotic factors like light and temperature and precip

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What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem?

a community is just the living things

an ecosystem includes the nonliving things

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What are the two chemical reactions used by producers or autotrophs to turn energy into food?

photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

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How much energy is passed to the next level of a food chain?

What happens to the rest?

10%

The rest is used by the organism or “lost” as heat to the environment

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Why are decomposers important at every step?

They recycle the matter so it can be used again

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What is the difference between the movement of matter and energy in ecosystems?

matter recycles

energy flows in a food chain

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What do invasive species do to an ecosystem and its food web

disrupt it and kill off species - no natural predators

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Why is nitrogen so important to ecosystems that it is a limiting nutrient?

Nitrogen is in proteins and nucleic acids, and most of it is in the atmosphere.

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What process converts atmospheric nitrogen to usable compounds that fertilize plant growth? What makes nitrogen usable?

nitrogen fixation - certain plants have bacteria that live mutualistically with them and fix nitrogen (legumes - peas, soybeans)

Photosynthesis and respiration are no longer in balance because of the combustion of what?

fossil fuels - coal oil, and natural gas

What organisms do photosynthesis? | What organisms do respiration?

All organisms do respiration to get energy | Plants and some microbes do photosynthesis

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

CO2 plus H2O makes sugar and oxygen

What is the equation for respiration?

sugar plus oxygen makes CO2 and H2O

How are photosynthesis and respiration related?

the reactants of one are the products of the other

What is the difference between habitat and niche

habitat - where an organism lives - many things can live in the same place niche - the role an organism plays - only one thing can have a niche or they compete and one will die

when 2 organisms live symbiotically and both benefit | give an example

mutualism | bee and flower

when 2 organisms live together symbiotically and one benefits while the other is harmed give an example

parasitism | tick on a dog

when 2 organisms live symbiotically together and one benefits while the other is unaffected give an example

commensalism | barnacle on a whale

when one animal hunts and kills another for food and they keep each other's population in check

predator and prey

When one ecosystem is replaced with more complex and more stable ecosystems

ecological succession

What are the first organisms to inhabit an area called? Give an example. Why are they needed?

pioneer organisms | lichen - produce soil by dissolving rock and then dying

doubling population growth | population growth that levels off

exponential | logistic

What do we call the level where a population quits growing

carrying capacity

What are the things that keep a population in check so it can't grow indefinitely? Give examples.

limiting factors - predators, disease, parasites, fires, floods

What is the differerence between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Give examples of each.

prokaryotes - no nucleus - bacteria | eukaryotes have a nucleus - plants and animals

Name 3 structures in plant cells that are not in animal cells.

chloroplasts, cell wall, and a large water vacuole

What is the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane?

wall - support only | membrane - selectively permeable

What happens in chloroplasts? | mitochondria?

chloroplasts - photosynthesis | mitochondria - respiration

What chemical in chloroplasts lets them trap light? What does it trap

chlorophyll - green pigment | traps all light except green

Name the structures in the production of protein in order.

nucleus (DNA) - ribosomes - ER - Golgi

the movement of any material from high to low concentration without energy

diffusion

the diffusion of water

osmosis

movement of material from low to high concentration using energy

active transport

Name several factors that affect cell transport.

1. concentration 2. temperature - higher is faster 3. solubility in lipids 3. size of particle - smaller is easier to transport 4. charge - uncharged is easier to transport

Which way does water travel by osmosis?

toward the higher solute concentration

What is usable energy for a cell, and where does it come from?

ATP - made by burning food (respiration) in the mitochondrion

What are the two types of respiration, and how are they different?

1. aerobic - with oxygen - makes much more energy | 2. anaerobic - without oxygen - makes less energy and more waste like lactic acid or alcohol

Which has more energy, glucose or starch? Explain.

starch - It is made of many glucose

What happens to photosynthesis rates with higher temperatures and higher concentrations of reactants?

temperature - speeds up and then decreases due to damaged enzymes concentration of reactants - speeds up for awhile and levels off

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis 1. # of cells 2. chromosome number 3. diversity 4. type of cells

1. mitosis makes 2 cells while meiosis makes 4 2. mitosis makes diploid cells while meiosis makes haploid cells 3. mitosis has no diversity while meiosis makes unique cells 4. mitosis makes all cells except egg and sperm while meiosis makes egg and sperm

having a double set of chromosomes

diploid

having only 1 set of chromosomes

haploid

What respores chromosome number?

fertilization brings 2 haploid cells together to make a diploid

the process where cells get specific jobs to do | Give examples

cell specialization or differentiation red cells - carry oxygen white cells - fight infection

an organism's genetic makeup | Give examples.

genotype - TT, Tt, tt

an organism's physical appearance - Give examples

phenotype - tall or short

having two identical alleles - TT or tt

homozygous

having two different alleles - Tt

heterozygous

the box used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses

Punnett squares

when one trait hides another

dominant - recessive

When one trait mixes with another

incomplete dominant

When two traits both show up

codominant

Name the 4 bases in DNA | RNA

DNA - A, T, G, C | RNA - A, U, G, C

What bases pair together in DNA?

A-T and G-C

How many bases does it take to code for 1 amino acid?

If there is 20% adenine, how much thymine? | How much guanine?

20% thymine | 30% guanine

If one side of DNA is ATC GGA, what would the other side be?

TAG CCT

If one side of DNA is ATC GGA, what would RNA be?

UAG CCU

a mistake in DNA

mutation

What can mutate DNA?

heat, radiation, certain chemicals

a picture of all the chromosomes in a person's cells

karyotype

the female sex chromosomes

the male sex chromosomes

Why do males get recessive sex-linked traits more often?

only one X so whatever is on that X shows up | Females have 2 X chromosomes so one could be hidden

Having three of a chromosome | Having only one copy of a chromosome

trisomy | monosomy