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EOC Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

genetic diversity or variation

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2
Q

What is the advantage of asexual reproduction?

A

speed and large number of offspring

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3
Q

Give 2 reasons why SI or metric is preferred in science.

A
  1. universal - used around the world

2. based on 10 so easier to use

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4
Q

What are the metric units, and what is each used to measure?

A 
meter - length
liter - liquid volume
gram - mass
second - time
Celsius or Kelvin - temperature
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5
Q

What is the importance of enzymes?

A

speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy

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6
Q

What do higher temperatures do to enzymes?

A

work best at an optimum temperature - too hot can denature them or change their shape so they won’t fit with their substrate

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7
Q

What type of chemical are enzymes?

A

proteins

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8
Q

What codes for enzymes?

A

DNA

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9
Q

What is meant when we say enzymes are specific?

A

work on only one substrate

lactase works only on lactose

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10
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Name the monomer and polymer and examples.

A

energy
monosaccharides - polysaccharides
sugar and starch

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11
Q

What is the function of lipids?

Name the monomer and polymer and examples.

A

store energy, insulate, cushion, lipid bilayers make membranes
fatty acids and glycerol - triglycerides
fat, wax, oil

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12
Q

What is the function of proteins?

Name the monomer and polymer and examples.

A

structure and function of body
amino acids - polypeptides
hemoglobin, collagen, enzymes

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13
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Name the monomer and polymer and examples.

A

information (code)
nucleotides - polynucleotides
DNA and RNA

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14
Q

What makes a chemical compound organic?

A

lots of repeating carbon units (monomers)

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15
Q

What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?

A

biotic are living and abiotic are not

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16
Q

What is the entire layer of life around the Earth?

A

biosphere

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17
Q

What creates different ecosystems?

A

different abiotic factors like light and temperature and precip

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18
Q

What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem?

A

a community is just the living things

an ecosystem includes the nonliving things

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19
Q

What are the two chemical reactions used by producers or autotrophs to turn energy into food?

A

photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

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20
Q

How much energy is passed to the next level of a food chain?

What happens to the rest?

A

10%

The rest is used by the organism or “lost” as heat to the environment

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21
Q

Why are decomposers important at every step?

A

They recycle the matter so it can be used again

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22
Q

What is the difference between the movement of matter and energy in ecosystems?

A

matter recycles

energy flows in a food chain

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23
Q

What do invasive species do to an ecosystem and its food web

A

disrupt it and kill off species - no natural predators

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24
Q

Why is nitrogen so important to ecosystems that it is a limiting nutrient?

A

Nitrogen is in proteins and nucleic acids, and most of it is in the atmosphere.

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25
Q

What process converts atmospheric nitrogen to usable compounds that fertilize plant growth?
What makes nitrogen usable?

A

nitrogen fixation - certain plants have bacteria that live mutualistically with them and fix nitrogen (legumes - peas, soybeans)

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26
Q

Photosynthesis and respiration are no longer in balance because of the combustion of what?

A

fossil fuels - coal oil, and natural gas

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27
Q

What organisms do photosynthesis?

What organisms do respiration?

A

All organisms do respiration to get energy

Plants and some microbes do photosynthesis

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28
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 plus H2O makes sugar and oxygen

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29
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

sugar plus oxygen makes CO2 and H2O

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30
Q

How are photosynthesis and respiration related?

A

the reactants of one are the products of the other

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31
Q

What is the difference between habitat and niche

A

habitat - where an organism lives - many things can live in the same place
niche - the role an organism plays - only one thing can have a niche or they compete and one will die

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32
Q

when 2 organisms live symbiotically and both benefit

give an example

A

mutualism

bee and flower

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33
Q

when 2 organisms live together symbiotically and one benefits while the other is harmed
give an example

A

parasitism

tick on a dog

34
Q

when 2 organisms live symbiotically together and one benefits while the other is unaffected
give an example

A

commensalism

barnacle on a whale

35
Q

when one animal hunts and kills another for food and they keep each other’s population in check

A

predator and prey

36
Q

When one ecosystem is replaced with more complex and more stable ecosystems

A

ecological succession

37
Q

What are the first organisms to inhabit an area called? Give an example. Why are they needed?

A

pioneer organisms

lichen - produce soil by dissolving rock and then dying

38
Q

doubling population growth

population growth that levels off

A

exponential

logistic

39
Q

What do we call the level where a population quits growing

A

carrying capacity

40
Q

What are the things that keep a population in check so it can’t grow indefinitely? Give examples.

A

limiting factors - predators, disease, parasites, fires, floods

41
Q

What is the differerence between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Give examples of each.

A

prokaryotes - no nucleus - bacteria

eukaryotes have a nucleus - plants and animals

42
Q

Name 3 structures in plant cells that are not in animal cells.

A

chloroplasts, cell wall, and a large water vacuole

43
Q

What is the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane?

A

wall - support only

membrane - selectively permeable

44
Q

What happens in chloroplasts?

mitochondria?

A

chloroplasts - photosynthesis

mitochondria - respiration

45
Q

What chemical in chloroplasts lets them trap light? What does it trap

A

chlorophyll - green pigment

traps all light except green

46
Q

Name the structures in the production of protein in order.

A

nucleus (DNA) - ribosomes - ER - Golgi

47
Q

the movement of any material from high to low concentration without energy

A

diffusion

48
Q

the diffusion of water

A

osmosis

49
Q

movement of material from low to high concentration using energy

A

active transport

50
Q

Name several factors that affect cell transport.

A
  1. concentration
  2. temperature - higher is faster
  3. solubility in lipids
  4. size of particle - smaller is easier to transport
  5. charge - uncharged is easier to transport
51
Q

Which way does water travel by osmosis?

A

toward the higher solute concentration

52
Q

What is usable energy for a cell, and where does it come from?

A

ATP - made by burning food (respiration) in the mitochondrion

53
Q

What are the two types of respiration, and how are they different?

A
  1. aerobic - with oxygen - makes much more energy

2. anaerobic - without oxygen - makes less energy and more waste like lactic acid or alcohol

54
Q

Which has more energy, glucose or starch? Explain.

A

starch - It is made of many glucose

55
Q

What happens to photosynthesis rates with higher temperatures and higher concentrations of reactants?

A

temperature - speeds up and then decreases due to damaged enzymes
concentration of reactants - speeds up for awhile and levels off

56
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis

  1. # of cells
  2. chromosome number
  3. diversity
  4. type of cells
A
  1. mitosis makes 2 cells while meiosis makes 4
  2. mitosis makes diploid cells while meiosis makes haploid cells
  3. mitosis has no diversity while meiosis makes unique cells
  4. mitosis makes all cells except egg and sperm while meiosis makes egg and sperm
57
Q

having a double set of chromosomes

A

diploid

58
Q

having only 1 set of chromosomes

A

haploid

59
Q

What respores chromosome number?

A

fertilization brings 2 haploid cells together to make a diploid

60
Q

the process where cells get specific jobs to do

Give examples

A

cell specialization or differentiation
red cells - carry oxygen
white cells - fight infection

61
Q

an organism’s genetic makeup

Give examples.

A

genotype - TT, Tt, tt

62
Q

an organism’s physical appearance - Give examples

A

phenotype - tall or short

63
Q

having two identical alleles - TT or tt

A

homozygous

64
Q

having two different alleles - Tt

A

heterozygous

65
Q

the box used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses

A

Punnett squares

66
Q

when one trait hides another

A

dominant - recessive

67
Q

When one trait mixes with another

A

incomplete dominant

68
Q

When two traits both show up

A

codominant

69
Q

Name the 4 bases in DNA

RNA

A

DNA - A, T, G, C

RNA - A, U, G, C

70
Q

What bases pair together in DNA?

A

A-T and G-C

71
Q

How many bases does it take to code for 1 amino acid?

A

3

72
Q

If there is 20% adenine, how much thymine?

How much guanine?

A

20% thymine

30% guanine

73
Q

If one side of DNA is ATC GGA, what would the other side be?

A

TAG CCT

74
Q

If one side of DNA is ATC GGA, what would RNA be?

A

UAG CCU

75
Q

a mistake in DNA

A

mutation

76
Q

What can mutate DNA?

A

heat, radiation, certain chemicals

77
Q

a picture of all the chromosomes in a person’s cells

A

karyotype

78
Q

the female sex chromosomes

A

XX

79
Q

the male sex chromosomes

A

XY

80
Q

Why do males get recessive sex-linked traits more often?

A

only one X so whatever is on that X shows up

Females have 2 X chromosomes so one could be hidden

81
Q

Having three of a chromosome

Having only one copy of a chromosome

A

trisomy

monosomy

biology (16 decks)

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