EOC Review Flashcards
What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?
genetic diversity or variation
What is the advantage of asexual reproduction?
speed and large number of offspring
Give 2 reasons why SI or metric is preferred in science.
- universal - used around the world
2. based on 10 so easier to use
What are the metric units, and what is each used to measure?
meter - length liter - liquid volume gram - mass second - time Celsius or Kelvin - temperature
What is the importance of enzymes?
speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
What do higher temperatures do to enzymes?
work best at an optimum temperature - too hot can denature them or change their shape so they won’t fit with their substrate
What type of chemical are enzymes?
proteins
What codes for enzymes?
DNA
What is meant when we say enzymes are specific?
work on only one substrate
lactase works only on lactose
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Name the monomer and polymer and examples.
energy
monosaccharides - polysaccharides
sugar and starch
What is the function of lipids?
Name the monomer and polymer and examples.
store energy, insulate, cushion, lipid bilayers make membranes
fatty acids and glycerol - triglycerides
fat, wax, oil
What is the function of proteins?
Name the monomer and polymer and examples.
structure and function of body
amino acids - polypeptides
hemoglobin, collagen, enzymes
What is the function of nucleic acids?
Name the monomer and polymer and examples.
information (code)
nucleotides - polynucleotides
DNA and RNA
What makes a chemical compound organic?
lots of repeating carbon units (monomers)
What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?
biotic are living and abiotic are not
What is the entire layer of life around the Earth?
biosphere
What creates different ecosystems?
different abiotic factors like light and temperature and precip
What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem?
a community is just the living things
an ecosystem includes the nonliving things
What are the two chemical reactions used by producers or autotrophs to turn energy into food?
photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
How much energy is passed to the next level of a food chain?
What happens to the rest?
10%
The rest is used by the organism or “lost” as heat to the environment
Why are decomposers important at every step?
They recycle the matter so it can be used again
What is the difference between the movement of matter and energy in ecosystems?
matter recycles
energy flows in a food chain
What do invasive species do to an ecosystem and its food web
disrupt it and kill off species - no natural predators
Why is nitrogen so important to ecosystems that it is a limiting nutrient?
Nitrogen is in proteins and nucleic acids, and most of it is in the atmosphere.
What process converts atmospheric nitrogen to usable compounds that fertilize plant growth?
What makes nitrogen usable?
nitrogen fixation - certain plants have bacteria that live mutualistically with them and fix nitrogen (legumes - peas, soybeans)
Photosynthesis and respiration are no longer in balance because of the combustion of what?
fossil fuels - coal oil, and natural gas
What organisms do photosynthesis?
What organisms do respiration?
All organisms do respiration to get energy
Plants and some microbes do photosynthesis
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 plus H2O makes sugar and oxygen
What is the equation for respiration?
sugar plus oxygen makes CO2 and H2O
How are photosynthesis and respiration related?
the reactants of one are the products of the other
What is the difference between habitat and niche
habitat - where an organism lives - many things can live in the same place
niche - the role an organism plays - only one thing can have a niche or they compete and one will die
when 2 organisms live symbiotically and both benefit
give an example
mutualism
bee and flower
when 2 organisms live together symbiotically and one benefits while the other is harmed
give an example
parasitism
tick on a dog
when 2 organisms live symbiotically together and one benefits while the other is unaffected
give an example
commensalism
barnacle on a whale
when one animal hunts and kills another for food and they keep each other’s population in check
predator and prey
When one ecosystem is replaced with more complex and more stable ecosystems
ecological succession
What are the first organisms to inhabit an area called? Give an example. Why are they needed?
pioneer organisms
lichen - produce soil by dissolving rock and then dying
doubling population growth
population growth that levels off
exponential
logistic
What do we call the level where a population quits growing
carrying capacity
What are the things that keep a population in check so it can’t grow indefinitely? Give examples.
limiting factors - predators, disease, parasites, fires, floods
What is the differerence between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Give examples of each.
prokaryotes - no nucleus - bacteria
eukaryotes have a nucleus - plants and animals
Name 3 structures in plant cells that are not in animal cells.
chloroplasts, cell wall, and a large water vacuole
What is the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane?
wall - support only
membrane - selectively permeable
What happens in chloroplasts?
mitochondria?
chloroplasts - photosynthesis
mitochondria - respiration
What chemical in chloroplasts lets them trap light? What does it trap
chlorophyll - green pigment
traps all light except green
Name the structures in the production of protein in order.
nucleus (DNA) - ribosomes - ER - Golgi
the movement of any material from high to low concentration without energy
diffusion
the diffusion of water
osmosis
movement of material from low to high concentration using energy
active transport
Name several factors that affect cell transport.
- concentration
- temperature - higher is faster
- solubility in lipids
- size of particle - smaller is easier to transport
- charge - uncharged is easier to transport
Which way does water travel by osmosis?
toward the higher solute concentration
What is usable energy for a cell, and where does it come from?
ATP - made by burning food (respiration) in the mitochondrion
What are the two types of respiration, and how are they different?
- aerobic - with oxygen - makes much more energy
2. anaerobic - without oxygen - makes less energy and more waste like lactic acid or alcohol
Which has more energy, glucose or starch? Explain.
starch - It is made of many glucose
What happens to photosynthesis rates with higher temperatures and higher concentrations of reactants?
temperature - speeds up and then decreases due to damaged enzymes
concentration of reactants - speeds up for awhile and levels off
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis
- # of cells
- chromosome number
- diversity
- type of cells
- mitosis makes 2 cells while meiosis makes 4
- mitosis makes diploid cells while meiosis makes haploid cells
- mitosis has no diversity while meiosis makes unique cells
- mitosis makes all cells except egg and sperm while meiosis makes egg and sperm
having a double set of chromosomes
diploid
having only 1 set of chromosomes
haploid
What respores chromosome number?
fertilization brings 2 haploid cells together to make a diploid
the process where cells get specific jobs to do
Give examples
cell specialization or differentiation
red cells - carry oxygen
white cells - fight infection
an organism’s genetic makeup
Give examples.
genotype - TT, Tt, tt
an organism’s physical appearance - Give examples
phenotype - tall or short
having two identical alleles - TT or tt
homozygous
having two different alleles - Tt
heterozygous
the box used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses
Punnett squares
when one trait hides another
dominant - recessive
When one trait mixes with another
incomplete dominant
When two traits both show up
codominant
Name the 4 bases in DNA
RNA
DNA - A, T, G, C
RNA - A, U, G, C
What bases pair together in DNA?
A-T and G-C
How many bases does it take to code for 1 amino acid?
3
If there is 20% adenine, how much thymine?
How much guanine?
20% thymine
30% guanine
If one side of DNA is ATC GGA, what would the other side be?
TAG CCT
If one side of DNA is ATC GGA, what would RNA be?
UAG CCU
a mistake in DNA
mutation
What can mutate DNA?
heat, radiation, certain chemicals
a picture of all the chromosomes in a person’s cells
karyotype
the female sex chromosomes
XX
the male sex chromosomes
XY
Why do males get recessive sex-linked traits more often?
only one X so whatever is on that X shows up
Females have 2 X chromosomes so one could be hidden
Having three of a chromosome
Having only one copy of a chromosome
trisomy
monosomy
