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biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of matter and the interaction of atoms

A

chemistry

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2
Q

the building blocks of matter, the smallest piece of an element that still has properties of that element

A

atom

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3
Q

Name the three major particles in an atom. Give their charge, location, and mass.

A

proton - positive, in nucleus, 1amu
neutron - neutral, in nucleus, 1amu
electron - negative, outside nucleus (electron cloud), 1/1836amu

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4
Q

the amount or matter in an object

A

mass

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5
Q

With what unit is mass measured?

A

kilograms

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6
Q

the amount of space an object takes up

A

volume

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7
Q

With what unit is volume measured?

A

liters or cubic meters

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8
Q

mass/volume

A

density

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9
Q

What is the density of water?

A

1 gram/milliliter

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10
Q

If something is more dense than water, it…

A

sinks

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11
Q

If something is less dense than water, it…

A

floats

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12
Q

a pure substance made of only one type of atom

A

element

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13
Q

atoms of the same element with an unusual number of neutrons and a different mass

A

isotopes

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14
Q

isotopes that are unstable and emit particles

A

radioisotopes

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15
Q

What is the difference between boron 10 and boron 11?

A

Boron 11 has an extra neutron and a mass of 11

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16
Q

What are some uses of radioisotopes?

A

diagnose and treat diseases

find the age of artifacts

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17
Q

our chart of the elements

A

periodic table

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18
Q

How are the elements on the periodic table arranged?

A

increasing atomic number or number of protons

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19
Q

Who named the atom, and what does the word mean?

A

Democritus - unable to be cut or divided

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20
Q

two or more different atoms chemically combined to make a new substance with new physical and chemical properties

A

compound

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21
Q

the force that holds atoms together

A

chemical bond

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22
Q

a bond formed by the transfer of electrons

A

ionic bond

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23
Q

a bond formed by the sharing of electrons

What are the types?

A

covalent bond

  • share 1 pair - single
  • share 2 pair - double
  • share 3 pair - triple - basically as high as it goes
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24
Q

a charged atom

A

ion

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25
Q

What are the two types of ions? How do they form?

A

cations - positive ions - lose electrons

anions - negative ions - gain electrons

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26
Q

What happens to oppositely charged particles?

A

attract

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27
Q

What happens to like charged particles?

A

repel

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28
Q

the smallest piece of a covalent compound

A

molecule

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29
Q

a weak bond formed by a polar hydrogen bonding

A

hydrogen bond

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30
Q

a bond formed by the unequal sharing of electrons

A

polar covalent bond

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31
Q

a solution with more hydrogen than hydroxide, sour, corrosive

A

acid

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32
Q

a solution with more hydroxide than hydrogen, bitter, and caustic

A

base

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33
Q

the ion in acids

A

hydrogen + (hydronium)

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34
Q

the ion in bases

A

hydroxide

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35
Q

another term for basic

A

alkaline

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36
Q

a heterogeneous mixture where the particles don’t settle but can be seen

A

colloid

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37
Q

a heterogeneous mixture where the particles are extremely large and settle out upon standing

A

suspension

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38
Q

a homogeneous mixture of a solute in a solvent, the particles are extremely small and can’t be seen, don’t settle

A

solution

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39
Q

a solution where water is the solvent

A

aqueous

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40
Q

a radioisotope commonly used to find the age of fossils

A

carbon-14

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41
Q

a reaction where you mix acids and bases (3 terms)

A

neutralization
exchange
double replacement

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42
Q

a major type of chemical reaction where large molecules are broken into smaller ones

A

decomposition (catabolic)

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43
Q

a major type of reaction where small molecules are joined together to build larger ones

A

synthesis (anabolic)

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44
Q

characteristics observed and measured without permanently changing the matter

A

physical properties

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45
Q

characteristics which describe matter’s ability to react and change into new substances

A

chemical property

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46
Q

unstable isotopes which break down or decay into smaller materials

A

radioisotopes

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47
Q

the general area outside the nucleus where electrons are found

A

electron cloud

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48
Q

the more specific areas in the electron cloud where electrons are found (4 terms)

A

energy levels
shells
orbitals
rings

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49
Q

the outer most ring of electrons

A

valence

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50
Q

How many electrons can each of the first three energy levels hold?

A

2-8-18

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51
Q

the rule that describe what makes a stable outside ring of electrons

A

octet rule - the outer ring needs to be full or have eight electrons to be stable

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52
Q

the general term for all the particles within an atom

A

subatomic

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53
Q

the meaning of the arrows in a chemical reaction

A

yields

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54
Q

the most important polar covalent compound to life on Earth

A

water

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55
Q

one of the three basic states of matter with the most kinetic energy

A

gas

56
Q

one of the three basic states of matter with the most potential energy

A

solid

57
Q

the part of a solution present in greater quantity

A

solvent

58
Q

the part of a solution present in lesser quantity

A

solute

59
Q

the scale for measuring acids and bases

A

pH scale

60
Q

below 7 on the periodic table

A

acid

61
Q

above 7 on the periodic table

A

base/alkaline

62
Q

7 on the pH scale

Why is water neutral?

A

neutral - pure water

equal amounts of H+ and OH-

63
Q

the state of matter with a definite shape and volume

A

solid

64
Q

the state of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape

A

liquid

65
Q

the state of matter without a definite shape or volume, can be compressed

A

gas

66
Q

the term that means a state of matter

A

phase

67
Q

a bond that holds amino acids together

A

peptide bone

68
Q

a long chain (polymer) of monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

69
Q

a long chain (polymer) of amino acids

A

polypeptide

70
Q

a long chain of monomers

A

polymer

71
Q

a large chemical compound made of repeating units

A

macromolecule

72
Q

what carbohydrates are used for

What 3 elements make up carbohydrates?

A

energy

C, H, and O

73
Q

two amino acids held together

A

dipeptide

74
Q

the organic compound with C, H, O, and N, the preferred building material or structure of body
Give examples and what they do.

A

proteins

  1. hemoglobin - carries oxygen
  2. enzymes - catalyze reactions
75
Q

the organic compound which stores genetic information

A

nucleic acids

76
Q

the organic compound which includes fats, waxes, oils, and steroids
What is their function?
Why are they good at being a barrier to water?

A

lipids
store energy, insulate, cushion, make membranes, send messages
hydrophobic - no magic ratio of C to water

77
Q

the names of monosaccharides
Which is the most important, and why?
Give the 3 major polysaccharides and their function.

A

glucose, fructose, maltose, galactose
Glucose is most important because it is made by photosynthesis, and it is blood sugar.
1. cellulose - fiber - in cell walls of plants
2. glycogen - stored sugar in animal muscles
3. starch - stored sugar in plants

78
Q

the general term for a building block of a large organic compound (polymer)

A

monomer

79
Q

the building blocks (monomers) of a protein

A

amino acids

80
Q

some simple names for carbohydrates

A

sugars and starch

81
Q

small chemical compounds which do not have repeating carbon units

A

inorganic

82
Q

Give an example of physical properties.

A

melting point
boiling point
color
texture

83
Q

Give an example of a chemical property.

A

the ability to rust

flammability

84
Q

Name, and describe the 3 isotopes of hydrogen.

A

H-1 - protium - 1 proton, 1 electron, and 0 neutrons
H-2 - deuterium - 1 proton, 1 electron, and 1 neutron
H-3 - tritium - 1 proton, 1 electron, and 2 neutrons-

85
Q

What about atoms makes them combine?

A

their outer valence ring of electrons isn’t stable (no octet rule)

86
Q

What do me mean by saying water is an excellent solvent?

A

many things dissolve in it

87
Q

Why is it important that blood is mostly water?

A

It can flow and carry dissolved nutrients, hormones, wastes…. It helps us maintain our temperature homeostasis.

88
Q

What happens to ionic bonds in solution? Use NaCl as an example.

A

They ionize or dissociate which means they separate into charged particles called electrolytes Na+ and Cl- so they will conduct electricity.

89
Q

What happens to covalent bonds in solution?

A

They stay together as molecules and won’t conduct electricity.

90
Q

What two products do you get when you mix an acid and a base?

A

salt and water

91
Q

the number of protons in an atom
the number of electrons in an atom
What do we know about the number of protons and electrons?

A

atomic number

- protons equal electrons

92
Q

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom

A

mass number

93
Q

Why is atomic mass a fraction?

A

It is an average of all the isotopes of that element.

94
Q

an abbreviation for an element

A

chemical symbol

95
Q

Most of the time what is the element’s symbol?

A

1st one or two letters of the name

96
Q

Where do Na, K, Pb… get their chemical symbols?

A

Latin names

97
Q

Is HCl an acid or a base? How do you know?

A

acid - H+ at the beginning

98
Q

Is NaOH an acid or a base? How do you know?

A

base OH- at the end

99
Q

Why is NaCl not acid or base? What is it?

A

neither H+ nor OH-

salt

100
Q

What term means adding more solute in a solution?

A

concentrated

101
Q

What term means having less solute in a solution?

A

dilute

102
Q

the chemicals that go into a reaction

A

reactants

103
Q

the chemicals made by a reaction

A

products

104
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat?

A

saturated fats have no double bonds between carbons making them solid at room temperature and more likely to cause heart disease

105
Q

What are isomers?

A

compounds with the same chemical formula but a different structural formula

106
Q

WHere do most saturated fats come from?

A

animals

107
Q

Where do most unsaturated fats come from?

A

plants

108
Q

What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?

A

mono have 1 double bond while poly have more than one double bond

109
Q

Is C6H12O6 organic or inorganic? How do you know?

A

organic - carbon

110
Q

Is CaCl2 organic or inorganic? How do you know?

A

inorganic - no carbon

111
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

112
Q

What is the term for three fatty acids hooked to one glycerol?

A

triglyceride

113
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

114
Q

What are the two major types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

115
Q

special protein catalysts that work in living things

What is a catalyst?

A

enzymes

cause chemical reactions to occur at a lower activation energy and therefore faster - not used up in the reaction

116
Q

what an enzyme works on
What happens if we don’t have a particular enzyme?
Why can’t we digest fiber?
Why are some people lactose intolerant

A

substrate
- Without the necessary enzymes, reactions can’t occur.
don’t have the enzymes

117
Q

the typical ending for a sugar
the typical ending for an enzyme
example

A

-ose
-ase
lactase breaks down lactose

118
Q

What can cause an enzyme to change shape and not work properly

A

change in pH or temperature

119
Q

What is the term for an enzyme changing shape?

A

denaturing

120
Q

water sticking to water

A

cohesion

121
Q

water sticking to other materials

A

adhesion

122
Q

water climbing up narrow tubes against gravity

A

capillarity

123
Q

water requires a large amount of energy to change temperature

A

high specific heat

high heat capacity

124
Q

the film on the surface of water caused by water molecules bonding together

A

surface tension

125
Q

What type of bond holds water molecules together to other water molecules and causes surface tension

A

hydrogen bond

126
Q

chemicals that neutralize strong acids and bases to maintain pH homeostasis

A

buffers

127
Q

Why is it better to eat complex carbohydrates that simple carbohydrates?

A

more energy released over a long period of time

128
Q

How are glucose and starch related?

A

Glucose is made by plants and stored as starch which is a chain of glucose.

129
Q

What are the four levels of protein complexity?

A

primary - order of amino acids
secondary - folded into pleats or coiled into helix
tertiary - more complex folding
quaternary - more than one chain

130
Q

the energy needed to get a reaction started

A

activation energy

131
Q

a chemical that helps lower activation energy to get a reaction started - not used up during the reaction

A

catalyst

132
Q

the place on an enzyme where it attaches to the substrate

A

active site

133
Q

What makes up a molecule of water?

A

2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

134
Q

What makes carbon such an excellent element to be the building block of life? Why are we carbon-based?

A

Carbon can make 4 bonds with itself and many other elements to make chains, branched chains rings…

135
Q

a reaction where water is added to split large molecules into smaller ones

A

hydrolysis

136
Q

a reaction where water is removed to hook smaller molecules together into larger ones

A

dehydration synthesis

biology (16 decks)

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