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biology > semester 1 final 2016 > Flashcards

semester 1 final 2016 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are plants and animals similar?

A

multicellular, eukaryotic, can have both sexual and asexual reproduction

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2
Q

How are plants and animals different?

A

Plants are autotrophs, and animals are heterotrophs.
Plants have cell walls, and animals don’t have cell walls.
Animals are usually motile, and plants are not motile.

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3
Q

What are the 4 chordate characteristics?

A

notochord, nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and a post-anal tail

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4
Q

What do the pharyngeal slits become in humans?

A

jaw, throat and ear

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5
Q

What do the pharyngeal slits become in fish?

A

gills

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6
Q

Are all vertebrates chordates?

A

yes - notochord becomes backbone

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7
Q

Are all chordates vertebrates?

A

no - There are nonvertebrate chordates like lancelets and tunicates.

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8
Q

Are there more vertebrates or invertebrates?

A

invertebrates - 95%

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9
Q

What is the purpose of negative feedback or feedback inhibition?

A

allows organisms to maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

What body system allows organisms to transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones, wastes…?

A

circulatory or cardiovascular

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11
Q

Which body system breaks food down into usable form?

A

digestive

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12
Q

Which body system allows gas exchange?

A

respiratory

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13
Q

Which body system allows organisms to get rid of waste?

A

excretory

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14
Q

Which body system provides support and protection?

A

skeletal

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15
Q

Which body system allows organisms to move by contracting?

A

muscular

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16
Q

In a changing environment, animals reproduce how?

A

sexually with haploid gametes

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17
Q

What type of body symmetry do most animals have where they have a definite head and tail end?

A

bilateral symmetry

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18
Q

a concentration of sensory structures in the head end of an organism is called what

A

cephalization

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19
Q

germ layer that forms skin and nerves

A

ectoderm

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20
Q

germ layer that forms digestive and respiratory structures

A

endoderm

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21
Q

germ layer that forms muscle, bone, blood, and CT

A

mesoderm

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22
Q

What germ layer is the last to form?

A

mesoderm

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23
Q

Name the two groups of animals with radial symmetry.

A

cnidarians - corals, anemones and jellyfish

echinoderms - starfish, urchins, sand dollars

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24
Q

What group of organisms are asymmetrical?

A

poriferans - sponges

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25
Q

animals where the mouth forms first from the blastopore

A

protostomes

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26
Q

animals where the mouth forms second, after the anus which forms from the blastopore

A

deuterostomes

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27
Q

During what major time period of the geologic time scale did the ancestors of most major phyla (groups) appear?

A

Cambrian

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28
Q

What are the major goals of science?

A

to understand and explain the natural world and to make useful predictions

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29
Q

How is science different from every other field of study?

A

Science runs experiments to test its ideas.

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30
Q

information gathered in science

A

data

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31
Q

What kind of data do scientists prefer and why?

A

quantitative because it is a number and should be agreed upon

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32
Q

a suggestion about what you think will happen in an experiment is called what?

A

hypothesis

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33
Q

How many variables should be tested in a controlled experiment?

A

1

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34
Q

Who are the peers in peer review?

A

anonymous, independent experts, other scientists

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35
Q

What is an advantage of publishing results of experiments in peer reviewed journals?

A

It can advance science by helping other scientists come up with ideas to study.

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36
Q

a personal preference or point of view

A

bias

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37
Q

a well tested, well supported big idea that explains many observations

A

theory

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38
Q

What happens to a theory that explains some observations but not all?

A

It is revised

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39
Q

the basic unit of length in the metric system

A

meter

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40
Q

What particle is found outside the nucleus of atoms?

A

electrons

41
Q

What type of electron is available to form bonds?

A

valence

42
Q

What causes covalent bonds?

A

atoms share electrons

43
Q

What type of ion forms when an atom loses electrons?

A

positive cation

44
Q

What property of water causes it to stick to the sides of a graduated cylinder and form a meniscus?

A

adhesion - sticky

45
Q

When salt is dissolved in water, water is the?

salt is the?

A

water - solvent

salt - solute

46
Q

substances with a pH above 7
substances with a pH below 7
substances with a pH of 7

A

above 7 - bases
below 7 - acids
7 - neutral

47
Q

substances with more H than OH

A

acids

48
Q

substances with more OH than H

A

bases

49
Q

Why is C so good at forming organic compounds and living organisms?

A

C can form 4 bonds with itself and other chemicals to make many complex structures.

50
Q

Name the 4 major organic compounds. Include their monomer and polymer.

A
  1. carbohydrates - monosaccharides like glucose and polysaccharides
  2. proteins - amino acids and polypeptides
  3. lipids - fatty acids and triglycerides
  4. nucleic acids - nucleotides and polynucleotides
51
Q

According to the Law of Conservation of Matter, what happens to atoms in a chemical reaction?

A

rearranged

52
Q

what goes into a chemical reaction

what comes out of a chemical reaction

A

reactants - go in

products - come out

53
Q

the energy needed to get a reaction started

A

activation energy

54
Q

the factor in an experiment that affects another factor - the one manipulated in the experiment

A

IV - independent

55
Q

the factor being measured in an experiment to determine the effect of the factor being tested
- the responding variable

A

DV - dependent

56
Q

What is the purpose of the group not being tested in an experiment? What is this group called?

A

control - for comparing to the experimental group

57
Q

When only articles about experiments that meet good scientific standards (e.g., acknowledge and build upon other work in the field, rely on logical reasoning and well-designed studies, back up claims with evidence, etc.) are accepted for publication.

A

peer review

58
Q

What happens to organisms that can’t adapt to their environment?

A

go extinct

59
Q

What happens in acid base neutralization reactions?

A

H and OH equal out and a salt and water are formed

60
Q

What do enzymes do to reactions? How?

A

speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy

61
Q

What happens to the number of an organism if its predators go up?

A

go down

62
Q

What happens to the number of an organism if its predators go down?

A

go up

63
Q

Only a small amount of the energy stored in food is available to the next organism in a food chain because

A

10% because it is used by the organism or lost as heat

64
Q

What is the abiotic source of most nitrogen?

A

atmosphere

65
Q

Bacteria that break down the nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances that are taken up by plant roots are called

A

decomposers

66
Q

In an energy pyramid, which way does energy transfer?

A

from the bottom to the top

67
Q

Which organism does NOT require sunlight to start a food chain? Where are they found?

A

chemosynthetic bacteria at hydrothermal vents

68
Q

The movements of energy and nutrients through living systems are different because

A

energy flows - 1 way

nutrients recycle

69
Q

If a lake receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, which of these would happen first?

A

algal bloom - algae would overproduce

70
Q

Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem?

A

number of predators

71
Q

no two organisms can occupy the exact same niche at the same time due to

A

competitive exclusion principle

72
Q

living factors

A

biotic

73
Q

nonliving factors

A

abiotic

74
Q

On a rock outcrop that has never been home to living organisms, what is likely to be the first organism to grow there? What are they called?

A

lichen can live on bare rock - pioneer organism

75
Q

What determines the kind of plants that can live in an area?

A

climate

76
Q

What determines the kind of animals that can live in an area?

A

plants

77
Q

What causes the three major climate zones on Earth?

A

unequal heating of the Earth due to different latitudes

78
Q

the maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support

A

carrying capacity

79
Q

What type of growth curve shows a healthy population in a stable environment? What shape is that curve?

A

logistic - S curve

80
Q

What type of growth curve is seen in non-native, introduced species? Why?

A

exponential - no predators

81
Q

factors that slow population growth

A

limiting factors

82
Q

Give examples of limiting factors.

A

predators, parasites, disease, availability of resources

83
Q

a stable internal environment - mostly the same

A

homeostasis

84
Q

a chain of monomers

A

polymer

85
Q

a polysaccharide is a chain of what monomer

A

monosaccharides - sugars

86
Q

What chemical reaction builds polymers

A

dehydration synthesis

87
Q

Why are organic compounds often called macromolecules?

A

They are made of polymers or long chains.

88
Q

What organic compound is the structure and function of the body?

A

proteins

89
Q

Why do atoms bond?

A

to become stable - octet rule

90
Q

a hollow ball of cells embryo stage

A

blastula

91
Q

Why are echinoderms considered so closely related to chordates?

A

Both are deuterostomes.

92
Q

What is necessary for depth perception?

A

binocular vision

93
Q

What are advanced primate characteristics?

A

nails instead of claws, binocular vision, and opposable thumbs for a good grip

94
Q

The shape of the enzyme where it connects to other chemicals to initiate the reaction is the

A

active site

95
Q

Most enzymes belong to what group of organic compounds?

A

proteins

96
Q

The chemicals that an enzyme works on are called the

A

substrate

97
Q

What happens to an enzyme when it is denatured.

A

changes shape and can’t function

98
Q

What is the most common suffix for an enzyme?

A

-ase

biology (16 decks)

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