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microbes and fungi Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

a biological particle made of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid

A

virus

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2
Q

the protein coat of a virus

A

capsid

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3
Q

a virus that infects bacteria

A

bacteriophage

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4
Q

How are viruses similar to cells?

A
  1. made of some of the same chemicals 2. can reproduce (but need a host cell) 3. can evolve over time
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5
Q

How are viruses different from cells?

A
  1. no cell parts 2. no metabolism - don’t need energy 3. no growth or development 4. no response to environment 5. must have a host cell to reproduce
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6
Q

Which evolved first, viruses or bacteria? How do you know?

A

bacteria - because viruses couldn’t have reproduced without a host cell

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7
Q

Describe a lytic infection.

A

The virus takes over the cell right away, forces the cell to make more viruses, and then splits open the cell allowing the virus to spread to more cells.

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8
Q

Describe a lysogenic infection.

A

The virus quietly injects DNA into the cell. The virus prophage is copied every time the cell reproduces. Then some environmental trigger causes the cell to become lytic.

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9
Q

the splitting open of a cell

A

lysis

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10
Q

viral DNA that has been inserted into host DNA

A

prophage

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11
Q

a virus that uses RNA as its genetic code

A

retrovirus

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12
Q

a dead or weakened germ that helps prepare the immune system to fight off the virus

A

vaccine

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13
Q

Who developed the first vaccine and from what?

A

Edward Jenner - cowpox virus protected from smallpox

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14
Q

Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses?

A

viruses aren’t living - can’t kill something that isn’t alive

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15
Q

Other than proteins and nucleic acids, what chemical were viruses made up of?

A

lipids

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the proteins in the viral capsid?

A

bind the virus to its host

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17
Q

What contains the instructions for making new copies of a virus?

A

coded for in the viral DNA or RNA

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18
Q

Give 3 examples of viral diseases.

A

AIDS/HIV, measles, polio, smallpox, ebola, herpes, cold, influenza, chicken pox, hepatitis, West Nile, HPV

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19
Q

How do viruses cause diseases?

A

destroy cells and affect cell processes

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20
Q

cells without a nucleus and without membrane-bound cell organelles like mitochondria or chloroplasts

A

prokaryotes

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21
Q

What are the only cells that are prokaryotes?

A

bacteria

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22
Q

Name and describe the two major groups of bacteria.

A
  1. Archaea - bacteria with genes and metabolic activities more similar to eukaryotes, no peptidoglycan in cell walls 2. Eubacteria - common bacteria with peptidoglycan cell walls
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23
Q

long, whip-like structure used by bacteria to move

A

flagella

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24
Q

short hair-like structures used by bacteria to anchor to other surfaces

A

pili (pilus)

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25
Q

What is the shape of bacterial DNA?

A

circular

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26
Q

extra circular pieces of bacterial DNA

A

plasmids

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27
Q

Give some examples of the harsh environments bacteria are found in.

A

hot springs, Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea, hydrothermal vents

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28
Q

thermoacidophiles

A

live in hot acidic environments

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29
Q

halophiles

A

live in salty environments

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30
Q

methanogens

A

generate methane, live anaerobically in mud flats and swamps

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31
Q

the DNA region in a bacterial cell

A

nucleoid

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32
Q

the chemical polymer made of sugars and amino acids that is found in the cell walls of many bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

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33
Q

rod-shaped bacteria

A

bacilli (bacillus)

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34
Q

spherical bacteria

A

cocci (coccus)

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35
Q

helical bacteria

A

spirilla

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36
Q

clumps of bacteria

A

staphlo

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37
Q

chains or strips of bacteria

A

strepto

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38
Q

bacteria that must have oxygen to survive like Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

obligate aerobes

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39
Q

bacteria that can NOT tolerate oxygen like Clostridium botulinum

A

obligate anaerobes

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40
Q

bacteria that can live with or without oxygen like E. coli

A

facultative anaerobes

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41
Q

asexual reproduction in bacteria - How fast can they divide?

A

binary fission - every 20 minutes

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42
Q

dormant state that allows bacteria to survive harsh conditions by surrounding and protecting their DNA

A

endospore

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43
Q

sexual process in bacteria involving exchanging DNA across a bridge of cytoplasm to allow diversity and survival

A

conjugation

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44
Q

mistakes in the DNA copy process that allows diversity

A

mutation

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45
Q

What two processes enable bacteria to produce food for themselves? How are these processes different?

A
  1. photosynthesis - uses light 2. chemosynthesis - uses chemicals in the absence of light like at volcanic hydrothermal vents
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46
Q

What important roles do bacteria serve in ecosystems?

A
  1. produce food and oxygen 2. decomposers - recycle nutrients in dead organisms 3. fix nitrogen
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47
Q

the process some bacteria use to make atmospheric oxygen suitable for plants to use as fertilizer

A

nitrogen fixation

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48
Q

Where is most nitrogen found? Where does nitrogen need to be for plants?

A

atmosphere - soil

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49
Q

What are the clumps of bacteria on some plants where nitrogen fixation occurs?

A

root nodules Rhizobium

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50
Q

What type of plants typically have root nodules? What type of bacteria are they?

A

legumes - peas, peanuts, soybeans, clover,

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51
Q

What is the advantage of alternating or rotating crops?

A

legumes replace nitrogen in the soil

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52
Q

What are some human uses of bacteria?

A
  1. tanning leather 2. producing food like yogurt 3. clean up oil spills 4. extract metals from rocks 5. clean up sewage 6. make medicines like insulin (drugs) 7. source of heat-stable enzymes
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53
Q

What are germs?

A

pathogens

54
Q

What are some diseases caused by bacteria?

A

lyme disease tetanus tuberculosis strep throat tooth decay

55
Q

How do bacteria make organisms sick?

A

destroy cells or make toxins

56
Q

What is the number one way to prevent pathogenic infections?

A

washing hands with soap and warm water

57
Q

chemicals that kill bacteria

A

disinfectants

58
Q

What is the advantage of refrigeration and freezing?

A

slows bacterial growth

59
Q

heating equipment to kill germs

A

sterilization

60
Q

drugs that can kill bacterial infections

A

antibiotics

61
Q

an organism that transmits a pathogen from one organism to another

A

vector

62
Q

How can germs be spread from person to person?

A
  1. air (coughs and sneezes) 2. water 3. food 4. animals
63
Q

How are bacteria and archaea different?

A

peptidoglycan isn’t in archaea

64
Q

What type of prokaryote is E. coli?

A

bacteria

65
Q

How are bacteria and archaea different?

A
  1. different carbohydrate in cell wall 2. different lipids in membranes 3. different genes (Archaea more like eukaryotes)
66
Q

Name 3 common groups of archaea.

A
  1. thermoacidophiles 2. halophiles 3. methanogens
67
Q

Where do we find photoautotrophs?

A

in light

68
Q

organisms that break down dead organisms and wastes

A

decomposers

69
Q

What two chemicals are produced during decomposition?

A

carbon dioxide and water

70
Q

an unknown disease or a well-known disease that becomes more difficult to treat

A

emerging disease

71
Q

Why are emerging diseases so dangerous?

A
  1. We have little to no resistance to them? 2. They are resistant to antibiotics 3. They jump from one type of organism to another.
72
Q

What do we need to do to prevent the development of “superbugs” or “supergerms”

A

Use antibiotics only when necessary, and use them correctly.

73
Q

Name the cell in the picture, and identify all the cell parts.

A

bacteria

  1. flagellum 2. pilus 3. nucleoid 4. plasma membrane 5. ribosomes 6. cell wall 7. capsule
74
Q

Name the following image

A

bacteriophage

75
Q

Name the organisms in the image 1-6.

A
  1. monococcus
  2. diplococcus
  3. streptococcus
  4. staphylococcus
  5. bacilli
  6. spirilla
76
Q

What viral life cycle is shown in this image? How do you know?

A

lytic cycle - bursting open the cell

77
Q

What viral life cycle is shown inthe image? How do you know?

A

lysogenic cycle - quietly copying the viral DNA (prophage)

78
Q

What is happening in the image below? What is this process called?

A

Two bacteria are exchanging DNA through conjugation.

79
Q

What is happening in the image below? What is the name of this process?

A

Bacteria are reproducing asexually by binary fission.

80
Q

What is being shown in the image, and what is their purpose?

A

endospores help cells survive harsh conditions

81
Q

What is shown in the image, and what is their purpose?

A

bacterial root nodules (Rhizobium bacteria) on the roots of a legume like alfalfa or clover

82
Q

Why are protists considered the junk drawer kingdom?

What goes in the kingdom protista?

Why are the protists hard to classify?

What will happen to protists?

A

If an organism doesn’t fit into any other kingdom, it was placed in this group. Many organisms in this group are more related to organisms in other kingdoms than to eachother.

any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

Some protists have traits of more than one kingdom.

The protist classification will change.

83
Q

What is meant when we say protists are eukaryotes?

A

Their cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

84
Q

Name and describe the theory about how eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

A

theory of endosymbiosis - prokaryotes ate other prokaryotes but instead of being digested, it lived inside the other prokaryote and was helpful with its energy needs

85
Q

Name two organelles that are evidence for endosymbiosis. Give 4 pieces of evidence.

A

mitochondria and chloroplast

  1. have double membranes as if a food vacuole was formed around them
  2. have their own DNA in a circular piece like bacterial DNA
  3. divide themselves as if they were separate living organisms
  4. they have ribosomes that resemble bacterial ribosomes
86
Q

Name and describe the 4 main groups of protists based upon how they move, and give examples of each group.

A
  1. sarcodines - move by changing cell shape (pseudopods - false feet) - amoeba
  2. flagellates - move with a flagellum (long, tail-like structure) - euglena
  3. ciliates - move with cilia (short, hair-like structures) - paramecium
  4. passive movement - make spores that are carried by wind, water, and other organisms - Plasmodium (causes malaria)
87
Q

false feet - cytoplasmic extensions that help amoebas and their relatives move

A

pseudopods

88
Q

How is Plasmodium (protist that causes malaria) transmitted?

A

mosquitoes

89
Q

How is Cryptosporidium (causes severe intestinal disease) transmitted?

A

contaminated drinking water

90
Q

How do most protists reproduce?

A

asexually by cell division

91
Q

a sexual process in some protists that allows for genetic diversity

A

conjugation

92
Q

Name and describe the two types of nuclei in paramecia. Which one is exchanged during conjugation?

What happens to the macronucleus during conjugation?

A

macronucleus - larger, working nucleus that contains many copies of genes

micronucleus - smaller, reserve copy of thegenes

The micronucleus is exchanged during conjugation.

The macronucleus disintegrates.

93
Q

when organisms switch back and forth between sexual and asexual phases to take advantage of the environment

A

alternation of generations

  • reproduce asexually when conditions are good - to reproduce quickly
  • reproduce sexually when conditions are poor - to get diversity
94
Q

drifting, plant like organisms that start most aquatic food chains

drifting, animal-like organisms

A

phytoplankton

zooplankton

95
Q

large, brown algae that form “forests” in the ocean

A

kelp

96
Q

other than green algae, the algae that are most closely related to plants

A

red algae

97
Q

What happened to the kelp forests when we killed the sea otters for their pelts?

A

The otters weren’t there to keep the populations of sea urchins in check. The urchins overpopulated and ate all the kelp. Many species were threatened because, without kelp forests, they wouldn’t have a place to live.

98
Q

How do algae help coral?

A

red algae live mutualistically in the coral and help make calcium carbonate skeleton

99
Q

Name 4 reasons protists are important to ecosystems.

A
  1. produce food and oxygen
  2. provide shelter and support coral reefs
  3. recycle wastes
  4. can cause diseases
100
Q

the membrane covered structure in protists for storing their food until it is digested

A

food vacuole

101
Q

What does the food vacuole fuse with to digest the food?

A

lysosome - sac of digestive enzymes

102
Q

the mouth of a ciliate

the throat of a ciliate

where waste is released from a ciliate

A

mouth - oral groove

throat - gullet

waste release - anal pore

103
Q

Where do slime molds live? What are their 2 stages?

A

damp, nutrient rich areas like forest floor

  • amoebas (singular)
  • plasmodium (multicellular)
104
Q

How does the slime mold plasmodium and the water mold reproduce?

A

sporangia - spores

105
Q

What do the Tryconympha protists that live in termite guts do for the termites?

A

digest cellulose (wood)

106
Q

What vector carries the protist Plasmodium that causes malaria? Why don’t we have malaria in the United States?

How can beople control the spread of malaria?

A

Anopholes mosquito - too tropical

We can control the spread f malaria by controlling mosquitoes.

107
Q

What is the vector for the parasitic protist Trypanosoma that carries African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease?

A

biting flies like the tse tse fly

108
Q

Other than African sleeping sickness and malaria, name 3 other diseases caused by protists.

A
  1. amoebic dysentery
  2. giardiasis
  3. Chryptosporidium
109
Q

How big are most protists?

A

unicellular

110
Q

Name a multicellular protist.

A

kelp

111
Q

What happens when a large amount of nutrients is added to water?

A

algal bloom - algae overproduce, use up all the oxygen, and make water go stagnant

112
Q

Some algal blooms make toxins making it dangerous to do what?

A

eat fish or shellfish from the area, swim…

113
Q

Why do phytoplankton live near the surface of water?

A

need light for photosynthesis

114
Q

How are plankton important to some whales?

A

Baleen whales feed on plankton.

115
Q

Name the protist in the image.

A

ciliate - paramecium

116
Q

Name the protist in the image.

A

sarcodine - amoeba

117
Q

Name the protist in the image.

A

flagellate - euglena

118
Q

Name the protist in the image.

A

slime mold

119
Q

the chemical that makes up the cell walls of fungi

A

chitin

120
Q

the microscopic threads within fungi

A

hyphae

121
Q

a mat of hyphae typically found below ground level or inside the bark of a decaying tree

A

mycelium

122
Q

the reproductive structure of a fungus, makes spores

A

fruiting body

123
Q

What do fungi have in common with animals?

A

chitin

heterotrophs

124
Q

How do heterotrophic fungi get food differently from heterotrophic animals?

A

fungi - release digestive enzymes and absorb already digested food

animals - ingest food

125
Q

a mutualistic relationship between an alga and a fungus

A

lichen

126
Q

Why are lichen called pioneer organisms?

A

can live on bare rock and help produce soil for other organisms to move in

127
Q

a mutualistic relationship between plant roots and fungi

A

mycorrhizae

128
Q

How do mycorrhizae help plants survive and evolve?

A

help absorb water and minerals, enabled plants to move out on land

129
Q

What is the most important role of fungi and bacteria in the environment?

A

decomposers - recycle dead organisms so the nutrients can be used by other organisms

130
Q

What was the first antibiotic discovered? Why would fungi have chemicals that could kill bacteria?

A

penicillin - fungi and bacteria compete for food so a fungus that could kill bacteria have an advantage

131
Q

Identify the organisms causing each of the following:

  1. athlete’s foot and ringworm
  2. strep throat, staph infection
  3. cold, flu, polio, mumps, measles, chicken pox
  4. amoebic dysentery, African sleeping sickness, giardiasis
A
  1. fungus
  2. bacteria
  3. viruses
  4. protists

biology (16 decks)

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