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biology > animal structure and function 2 > Flashcards

animal structure and function 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nerve cells

A

neurons

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2
Q

Name the three major types of neurons, and describe their function.

A
  1. sensory neurons - carry messages to the brain and spinal cord from nerve endings
  2. motor neurons - carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
  3. interneurons - found in the brain and spinal cord connecting sensory and motor neurons
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3
Q

a change in the internal or external environment that causes a response

A

stimulus

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4
Q

a reaction to a stimulus

A

a response

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5
Q

nerve endings that detect stimuli

A

receptors

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6
Q

muscles and glands that react to motor neurons

A

effectors

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7
Q

What two systems does the body usually use to respond to stimuli?

A
  1. skeletomuscular

2. endocrine (hormones)

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8
Q

a nervous system that looks like a spider web with no collection of nerve cells - What kind of animals have this?

A

nerve net - cnidarians

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9
Q

a nervous system that looks like a ladder - What kind of animals have this?

A

nerve cord - flatworms

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10
Q

small clumps of nerve cells that control specific regions of the body

A

ganglia

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11
Q

ganglia in the head

A

cerebral ganglia

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12
Q

a larger collection of nerves that allows for complex behaviors including learning

A

brain

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13
Q

Name the three major parts of a chordate brain

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. brain stem
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14
Q

the thinking part of the brain responsible for learning and memory

A

cerebrum

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15
Q

the balance and coordination part of the brain

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

the part of the brain the connects to the spinal cord and controls involuntary survival processes like breathing and heart rate

A

brain stem (medulla oblongata)

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17
Q

the part of the brain for vision

A

optic lobe

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18
Q

the part of the brain for smell

A

olfactory bulb

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19
Q

the nerve cord that connects the brain to the rest of the body

A

spinal cord

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20
Q

What happened to the brain through evolution from fish to amphibians to reptiles and mammals?

A

larger and more complex

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21
Q

detect light without getting an image

A

ocelli (eyespots)

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22
Q

an eye made of many lenses, good at detecting motion

A

compound eye

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23
Q

the ability of an animal to produce an image of their surroundings by sound waves bouncing back to them

A

echolocation

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24
Q

the concentration of nerves and sensory structures in the heads of organisms

A

cephalization

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25
Q

a water skeleton, fluid held in a body cavity surrounded by muscle

A

hydrostatic

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26
Q

an external skeleton

A

exoskeleton

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27
Q

an internal skeleton

A

endoskeleton

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28
Q

What is the disadvantage of an exoskeleton?

A

It can’t grow so it must be molted leaving the animal unprotected

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29
Q

What is the advantage of an endoskeleton?

A

It grows with the organism and doesn’t need to be molted

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30
Q

What is the advantage of a hydrostatic skeleton?

A

no structures to build - less energy

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31
Q

Give 2 examples of animals with hydrostatic skeletons.

A

worms, cnidarians

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32
Q

Give an example of an animal with an exoskeleton

A

arthropods - insects, spiders, crayfish…

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33
Q

Give an example of animals with an endoskeleton.

A

echinoderms, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

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34
Q

Of what 2 tough materials can endoskeletons be made? What is the difference in these materials?

A
  1. cartilage - flexible

2. bone - hard

35
Q

Of what two materials are exoskeletons usually composed?

A

chitin

calcium carbonate

36
Q

places where bones meet and the skeleton can bend

A

joints

37
Q

this fiber-filled material holds bone to bone

A

ligament

38
Q

this fiber-filled material holds muscle to bone

A

tendon

39
Q

when muscles shorten to cause movement

A

contraction

40
Q

Since muscles can only contract, they must exist in pairs called what?

A

opposable or antagonistic

41
Q

Give two examples of antagonistic pairs of muscles.

A
  1. biceps and triceps

2. quadriceps and hamstrings

42
Q

To bend a joint and decrease the angle between bones

A

flexion

43
Q

the straighten a joint or increase the angle between bones

A

extension

44
Q

What must muscles pull on in order to cause movement?

A

skeleton

45
Q

reproduction with one parent and one set of DNA

A

asexual

46
Q

What is the advantage of asexual reproduction?

A

speed of reproduction - lots of offspring

47
Q

reproduction with two parents and two sets of DNA combining

A

sexual reproduction

48
Q

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction

A

diversity - can survive a changing environment

49
Q

What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

much less diversity

50
Q

What is the disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

takes longer and requires finding a mate - risky

51
Q

when fertilization happens inside the female

A

internal

52
Q

What is the advantage of internal fertilization

A

greater chance of making a baby

53
Q

when fertilization happens outside the female

A

external

54
Q

What is the disadvantage of external fertilization

A

less chance of making a baby

55
Q

How do organisms with external fertilization compensate for the lower chance of having a baby?

A

release a lot more eggs

56
Q

What happens to many eggs in external fertilization?

A

many don’t live - are eaten, freeze…

57
Q

egg laying

A

oviparous

58
Q

live birth

A

viviparous

59
Q

have eggs that hatch inside the mother and look like live birth

A

ovoviviparous

60
Q

a specialized organ that enables the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between mother and baby during development

A

placenta

61
Q

What connects the placenta to the baby

A

umbilical cord

62
Q

a dramatic change in body form during development

A

metamorphosis

63
Q

the two types of metamorphosis

A

complete and incomplete

64
Q

the stages of incomplete metamorphosis

A

egg - nymph - adult

65
Q

the stages of complete metamorphosis

A

egg - larva - pupa - adult

66
Q

How are nymphs and larvae different?

A

larva - worm-like - goes into pupa - basically eats

nymph - looks like adult but can’t fly or reproduce

67
Q

the stage at which larvae develop into adults

A

pupa

68
Q

an egg with 4 membranes to protect the baby and keep it from drying out

A

amniotic egg

69
Q

the sack of water in an egg where the embryo is found

A

amnion

70
Q

the food in an amniotic egg

A

yolk sac

71
Q

the waste sack in an amniotic egg

A

allantois

72
Q

the membrane that surrounds the others and is for gas exchange in an amniotic egg

A

chorion

73
Q

egg laying mammals

A

monotremes

74
Q

pouched mammals

A

marsupials

75
Q

mammals with an organ to nourish the baby inside the mother

A

placentals

76
Q

the structures in mammals that produce milk

A

mammary glands

77
Q

the three traits that identify mammals

A

hair, mammary glands, endothermic

78
Q

the better term for cold-blooded, temperature is controlled outside the body by sitting in the sun or going into the shade

A

ectotherm

79
Q

the better term for warm-blooded, temperature is controlled inside the body by shivering and sweating

A

endotherm

80
Q

Why do endotherms have to eat more?

A

Their metabolism has to be high so they can keep themselves warm. Ectotherms use the heat from the sun to keep warm.

81
Q

What animals are endothermic, and what traits about their bodies enable this?

A

birds and mammals - have a 4-chambered heart and efficient lungs

82
Q

a group of cells that produce hormones to control the body

A

endocrine glands

83
Q

your body’s ability to recognize its own cells vs. pathogens (germs) is accomplished by what body system?

A

immune system

biology (16 decks)

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