Selective Breeding (9.3) Flashcards
State whether or not evolution through natural selection is ongoing
Ongoing
State how humans have been manipulating allele frequencies in the gene pools of populations for thousands of years
Deliberate selection of particular individuals
Describe artificial selection
Process of changing of allele frequencies of a population through human intervention
Describe selective breeding
Artificial selection of individuals with desired traits to be interbred
State what artificial selection has led to
Improved agricultural crops and domestication of animals for food or other uses
State what humans look for during selective breeding
Individual organisms with desirable traits and deliberately interbreed them to increase the allele frequency of those desired traits in the gene pool
State the 4 major steps of selective breeding
- Determine desired trait
- Interbreed parents who show desired trait
- Select offspring with best form of trait and interbreed offspring
- Continue process until population reliably reproduces desired trait
Describe genetically modified organisms
An organism with a genetic modification made by transfer of specific genes from another organism or by gene editing techniques
State the genetically modified organisms abbreviation
GMOs
State what most selective breeding requires to be successful
Similar individuals to interbreed
State what genes that are located closely on a chromosome are said to be
Linked
State what the interbreeding of similar individuals in selective breeding results in
Increase in the allele frequency of the desired trait and a decrease in the frequency of all other alleles for this trait
State what the interbreeding of similar individuals in selective breeding reduces in the gene pool
Genetic variation
State what the interbreeding of similar individuals in selective breeding increases in the gene pool
Incidences of homozygosity
State what the success of selective breeding in both plants and animals may be limited by
Presence of undesirable linked alleles
State what a population with low genetic variation is often characterised by
All individuals are very similar
State what alleles in a gene pool must be characterised by in order to allow a species to persist
High adaptive value for environmental conditions
State what could occur due to selective breeding as a result of a single disease
An entire population could be wiped out (if none of the individuals is resistant)
State what the effect of selective breeding is on biodiversity
Reduces biodiversity as a whole as it replaces wild varieties
State whether or not selective breeding can increase genetic abnormalities
Yes
State what conditions many of the genetic abnormalities noticed in selective breeding species are
Recessive conditions
State 2 processes by which evolution can occur
- natural selection
2. artificial selection
State what selective breeding is considered a traditional form of
Artificial selection
Selectively bred populations tend to have low genetic variation and high homozygosity and therefore
- greatly susceptible to environmental change
- may have their biodiversity reduced if selectively bred population replace wild populations
- increases incidence of genetic abnormalities
State what 2 things must be present for a species to be classified
Ability to produce:
1. viable
2. fertile
offspring
