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B12 > Cellular Respiration (5.3) > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration (5.3) Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the positioning of glycolysis in aerobic respiration

A

First biochemical pathway

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2
Q

State what the energy released from glucose in cellular respiration is used to generate

A

ATP

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3
Q

State how the energy from ATP is transferred

A

When the high energy bond of ATP breaks to form ADP and phosphate

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4
Q

Provide the chemical formula for the release of energy from ATP

A

ADP + Pi -> ADP ~ Pi (ATP)

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5
Q

Describe what the squiggly line in ADP ~ Pi represents

A

High energy bond

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6
Q

State what ATP can be used by a cell for

A

Vital cellular processes including protein synthesis and active transport

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7
Q

State what aerobic cellular respiration requires

A

Oxygen

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8
Q

State the 3 interconnected biochemical pathways of aerobic cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. electron transport chain
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9
Q

State where glycolysis occurs

A

Cell cytosol

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10
Q

State what molecule is broken down during glycolysis and what it is broken into

A

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate

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11
Q

State what the two three-carbon molecules glucose is broken down into during glycolysis should be referred to as

A

Pyruvate

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12
Q

State whether or not energy is released during glycolysis and if so, how much

A

2ATP of energy is released

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13
Q

State where the released energy of glycolysis is transferred to during aerobic respiration

A

Coenzymes ATP and NADPH

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14
Q

Describe the individual chemical inputs of glycolysis for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6, ADP + Pi and NAD+

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15
Q

Describe the individual chemical outputs of glycolysis for aerobic respiration

A

C3H4O3 (pyruvate), ATP and NADPH

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16
Q

Describe pyruvate

A

Three carbon molecules formed during the glycolysis stage of aerobic cellular respiration

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17
Q

Describe high energy bonds

A

Electrons of the bonds are in a high energy state. The bonds themselves are relatively weak, requiring a small amount of energy to break.

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18
Q

Describe oxidation

A

Reaction in which a substance is combined with oxygen

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19
Q

Describe redox reaction

A

Chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species

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20
Q

Describe phosphorylation

A

Biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound.

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21
Q

Describe aerobic respiration

A

Respiration requiring oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor

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22
Q

Describe alcoholic fermentation

A

Anaerobic pathway where ethanal acts as the electron acceptor forming ethanol as the product

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23
Q

Describe the electron transport chain

A

Enzyme-based redox reaction which pass electrons from high to low redox potentials

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24
Q

Describe glycolysis

A

Series of reactions the convert glucose to pyruvate

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25
Q

Describe lactic acid fermentation

A

Anaerobic pathway where pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid

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26
Q

State where lactic acid fermentation may occur in real life

A

Skeletal muscles of mammals

27
Q

State how we know that mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts

A

Mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic cells and chloroplasts are not

28
Q

Describe the endosymbiosis and relationship to mitochondria

A

Proposes that mitochondria are the descendants of purple aerobic bacterial cell and were engulfed by pre-eukaryotic cell (lived symbiotically)

29
Q

State where the Kreb’s cycle occurs

A

Mitochondrial matrix

30
Q

State where the electron transport chain occurs

A

Mitochondrial cristae

31
Q

State where anaerobic cellular respiration occur

A

Cell cytosol

32
Q

State the word overall inputs of aerobic cellular respiration

A

Glucose and oxygen

33
Q

State the word overall outputs of aerobic cellular respiration

A

Carbon dioxide, water and ATP

34
Q

State the word overall inputs of anaerobic cellular respiration

A

Glucose

35
Q

State the word overall outputs of anaerobic cellular respiration

A

Lactic acid/ethanol with CO2 and ATP

36
Q

State approximately how many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration

A

30-32 ATP molecules

37
Q

State approximately how many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in anaerobic cellular respiration

A

2 ATP molecules

38
Q

Provide 3 evidence-based statements supporting the bacterial origins of mitochondria

A
  1. mitochondria divide by binary fission like bacteria
  2. Both bacteria and mitochondria have a set of single circular DNA
  3. Mitochondrial ribosomes are more similar to bacterial ribosomes than cytoplasmic ribosomes
39
Q

Outline the positioning of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration

A

Third biochemical pathway

40
Q

State what molecule is broken down during the link reaction

A

Two molecules of pyruvate are converted to two molecules of acetyl CoA

41
Q

State where the released energy of the Kreb’s cycle is transferred to during aerobic respiration

A

Coenzymes NADH, FADH2 and ATP

42
Q

The Kreb’s cycle is a series of _______ reactions

A

Eight

43
Q

State whether or not each separate reaction within the Kreb’s cycle pathway is catalysed by a separate enzyme

A

Yes. There are eight reactions within the pathway and each reaction has a separate enzyme

44
Q

Describe what chemicals combine to form water at the conclusion of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration

A

H+, e, and O

45
Q

State the other name for the Kreb’s cycle

A

Citric acid cycle

46
Q

Describe the structure of acetyl CoA

A

Two carbon molecule

47
Q

State how many CO2 molecules are formed for every pyruvate molecule in the Kreb’s cycle stage of aerobic respiration

A

3 CO2 molecules

48
Q

State how many CO2 molecules are formed for every glucose molecule metabolised in the Kreb’s cycle stage of aerobic respiration

A

6 CO2 molecules

49
Q

State what happens to the energy-carrying molecules generated in the Kreb’s cycle

A

Fed into the electron transport chain

50
Q

State what NADH is converted to and what it interacts with to do this

A

NAD+ by interacting with the first complex at the beginning of the electron transport chain

51
Q

State what FADH2 is converted to and what it interacts with to do this

A

FAD by interacting the second complex during the electron transport chain

52
Q

State what happens to the H+ ions from the NADH and FADH2 during the electron transport chain

A

Moved into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion and combine with O and e to form H2O

53
Q

Describe the positioning of the link reaction in terms of the stages of cellular respiration

A

Between glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle

54
Q

State whether the link reaction is involved in aerobic or anaerobic cellular respiration

A

Aerobic respiration

55
Q

Propose an alternative term to describe the link reaction

A

Pyruvate oxidation

56
Q

Describe glycolysis

A

Series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two pyruvate molecules.

57
Q

Compare and contrast glucose and ATP as cellular energy sources

A

ATP is the immediate energy source and energy in the glucose molecule is only used to synthesis ATP. ATP is the energy source for cellular processes and reactions.

58
Q

State what reaction ATP undergoes to produce ADP+Pi

A

Hydrolysis

59
Q

Describe what the mitochondrial matrix contains

A

Contains mtDNA and ribosomes

60
Q

Describe the function of the cristae

A

Increase SA of inner membrane, allowing for faster production of ATP

61
Q

Describe the location of the cristae in the mitochondria

A

Folded inner membrane of mitochondria

62
Q

Describe the mitochondrial matrix

A

Space within the inner membrane of mitochondria

63
Q

Describe the role of cytochrome c in the electron transport chain

A

Carries electrons from one complex of integral membrane proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane to another complex

B12 (41 decks)

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